A US clinical trial found that stroke survivors who ceased to benefit from conventional rehabilitation, gained clinically significant arm movement and control by using an external robotic device powered by the patients' own brains. A low-cost device is now being developed.
Stroke survivors who had ceased to benefit from conventional rehabilitation gained clinically significant arm movement and control by using an external robotic device powered by the patients' own brains.
Jose Luis Contreras-Vidal, director of the Non-Invasive Brain Machine Interface Systems Laboratory at the University of Houston, said testing showed most patients retained the benefits for at least two months after the therapy sessions ended, suggesting the potential for long-lasting gains. He is also Hugh Roy and Lillie Cranz Cullen distinguished professor of electrical and computer engineering.
The trial involved training stroke survivors with limited movement in one arm to use a brain-machine interface (BMI), a computer program that captures brain activity to determine the subject's intentions and then triggers an exoskeleton, or robotic device affixed to the affected arm, to move in response to those intentions. The device wouldn't move if intention wasn't detected, ensuring subjects remained engaged in the exercise.
Using robotics in rehabilitation isn't new, said Contreras-Vidal, co-principal investigator of the trial and a pioneer in non-invasive BMI systems. But robot-assisted exercise doesn't generally engage the user, which is critical for taking advantage of the brain's plasticity to allow patients to relearn movement.
"This project ensures the brain is engaged," he said. "We know that if the arm is moving, it's because they are commanding it to move. That's a very powerful concept."
By testing the subjects over a period of time before the trial began, researchers were able to ensure that any changes or improvements were due to the intervention. In addition to better arm movement, the researchers reported that the subjects also showed improvements in using their hands.
"This is a novel way to measure what is going on in the brain in response to therapeutic intervention," said Dr Gerard Francisco, professor and chair of physical medicine and rehabilitation at McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston and co-principal investigator. "This study suggested that certain types of intervention, in this case using the upper robot, can trigger certain parts of brain to develop the intention to move. In the future, this means we can augment existing therapy programs by paying more attention to the importance of engaging certain parts of the brain that can magnify the response to therapy."
The trial was conducted at TIRR Memorial Hermann, where Francisco serves as chief medical officer and director of the NeuroRecovery Research Centre. The project was a collaboration between UH, UTHealth, TIRR Memorial Hermann, Houston Methodist Research Institute and Rice University.
In addition to Francisco and Contreras-Vidal, who is also director of the BRAIN Centre, a NSF Industry/University Collaborative Research Institute, researchers involved with the project include Nikunj A Bhagat and Zachary Hernandez with UH; Nuray Yozbatiran and Rupa Paranjape with UTHealth; Dr Zafer Keser, formerly with UTHealth; Jennifer L Sullivan, Colin Losey and co-principal investigator Marcia K O'Malley with Rice; and Dr Robert Grossman with Houston Methodist Research Institute. O'Malley is also director of rehabilitation engineering at TIRR Memorial Hermann.
It was funded by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and Mission Connect, part of the TIRR Foundation.
"Those of us who have studied the brain for so many years have anticipated that its powers, combined with robotics and the brain-machine interface, could offer unimaginable benefits to stroke survivors and other patients with brain injuries," said Grossman, professor of neurosurgery at Houston Methodist. "This study is just the beginning of what will be possible to treat stroke, spinal cord injuries and other traumatic brain injuries in the future."
The trial spanned a period of several years, partly because it took time to find subjects who met the criteria and were both interested in participating and able to make the required time commitment. Ultimately, 10 subjects between the ages of 41 and 71 were enrolled.
The therapy took place three times a week for four weeks. The final follow-up testing was conducted two months after therapy ended, and Contreras-Vidal said it's unclear if the benefits will persist long-term.
That leads to an ongoing project – Contreras-Vidal has a National Science Foundation grant to design a low-cost system that would allow people to continue the treatments at home.
"If we are able to send them home with a device, they can use it for life," he said.
Study details
Neural activity modulations and motor recovery following brain-exoskeleton interface mediated stroke rehabilitation
Nikunj A Bhagat, Nuray Yozbatiran, Jennifer L Sullivan, Ruta Paranjape, Colin Losey, Zachary Hernandex, Zafer Kerser, Robert Grossman, Gerard E Francisco, Marcia K O-Maley, Jose L Contreras-Vida
Published in NeuroImage:Clinical in 2020
Abstract
Brain-machine interfaces (BMI) based on scalp EEG have the potential to promote cortical plasticity following stroke, which has been shown to improve motor recovery outcomes. However, the efficacy of BMI enabled robotic training for upper-limb recovery is seldom quantified using clinical, EEG-based, and kinematics-based metrics. Further, a movement related neural correlate that can predict the extent of motor recovery still remains elusive, which impedes the clinical translation of BMI-based stroke rehabilitation. To address above knowledge gaps, 10 chronic stroke individuals with stable baseline clinical scores were recruited to participate in 12 therapy sessions involving a BMI enabled powered exoskeleton for elbow training. On average, 132 ± 22 repetitions were performed per participant, per session. BMI accuracy across all sessions and subjects was 79 ± 18% with a false positives rate of 23 ± 20%. Post-training clinical assessments found that FMA for upper extremity and ARAT scores significantly improved over baseline by 3.92 ± 3.73 and 5.35 ± 4.62 points, respectively. Also, 80% participants (7 with moderate-mild impairment, 1 with severe impairment) achieved minimal clinically important difference (MCID: FMA-UE >5.2 or ARAT >5.7) during the course of the study. Kinematic measures indicate that, on average, participants’ movements became faster and smoother. Moreover, modulations in movement related cortical potentials, an EEG-based neural correlate measured contralateral to the impaired arm, were significantly correlated with ARAT scores (ρ = 0.72, p < 0.05) and marginally correlated with FMA-UE (ρ = 0.63, p = 0.051). This suggests higher activation of ipsi-lesional hemisphere post-intervention or inhibition of competing contra-lesional hemisphere, which may be evidence of neuroplasticity and cortical reorganization following BMI mediated rehabilitation therapy.
[link url="https://uh.edu/news-events/stories/2021/january-2021/01122021contreras-vidal-stroke-bmi.php"]University of Houston material[/link]
[link url="https://uh.edu/news-events/stories/2021/january-2021/01122021contreras-vidal-stroke-bmi.php"]NeuroImage:Clinical study (Open access)[/link]
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[link url="https://www.medicalbrief.co.za/archives/brain-controlled-robotics-helping-paralysed-regain-muscle-control/"]FOCUS: Brain controlled robotics helping paralysed people regain muscle control[/link]