HIV drug resistance is approaching and exceeding 10% in people living with HIV who are about to initiate or re-initiate first-line antiretroviral therapy, according to a study led by researchers at University College London (UCL) and the World Health Organisation (WHO). The study funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the WHO, was the largest meta-analysis to date on HIV drug resistance.
The researchers looked at data for people who were beginning antiretroviral therapy, and found that resistance – particularly to one of the main types of first-line drug, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) – is increasing and those who exhibited drug resistance were more likely to have previously been exposed to antiretroviral drugs, often during pregnancy.
“Treatments for HIV have improved immensely in recent years, and close to 21m people worldwide are now being treated with antiretroviral therapy. Yet to end the Aids epidemic as a public health threat, minimising drug resistance will be one part of the response. Our findings show the importance of improving how we monitor drug resistance, and suggest we should review which drugs are included in first-line therapies,” said the study’s lead author, Professor Ravindra Gupta (UCL Infection & Immunity).
The researchers pulled together 358 datasets, including data from 56,044 adults across 63 low- to middle-income countries who were beginning first-line therapy for HIV from 1996 and 2016. The research was conducted by a team of 33 authors on five continents.
Current WHO treatment guidelines for first-line therapy recommend NNRTI in combination with nucleoside reverse transcription inhibitors (NRTI). The research team focused on studies that included data on the presence of drug-resistant mutations in the virus, most commonly resistant to NNRTI drugs.
The research team found that, from 2001-2016, the odds of drug resistance in low- to middle-income countries across sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and Asia were increasing. In particular, the yearly incremental increase in NNRTI resistance was greatest in Eastern Africa (29% annual increase) and in Southern Africa (23% annual increase, with an absolute increase of 1.8 percentage points from 2015 to 2016) and was the smallest in Asia (11% annual increase).
The study did not focus on high-income countries, but other studies have found that levels of drug resistance to NNRTIs in high-income countries were either plateauing or declining.
The study authors found drug resistance to be highest in Southern Africa, where 11.1% of people beginning first-line therapy had a virus with NNRTI drug-resistant mutations, compared to 10.1% in Eastern Africa, 7.2% in Western/Central Africa, and 9.4% in Latin America.
The study team also found that people starting therapy who self-report previous use of antiretroviral drugs are more likely to carry resistant virus, and are at greater risk of virological failure – that is, the risk the virus won’t be adequately kept under control by the HIV treatment.
Their data suggests that in some areas, 10-30% of people presenting for antiretroviral therapy have previously been exposed to antiretroviral drugs. “Many people develop drug resistance after being treated by antiretroviral drugs if they stop taking their medication – often due to personal reasons, difficulty accessing treatment providers, or drug supply issues that are common in low income regions. When these individuals restart treatment at a later date, they are less likely to respond to therapy and may pass on the drug-resistant strains to other people,” explained Gupta.
If no action is taken, drug resistance to NNRTIs exceeding 10% in people starting therapy could result in 890,000 more Aids deaths and 450,000 more infections in sub-Saharan Africa alone before 2030, as most people whose antiretroviral therapy is unsuccessful have a drug-resistant virus, according to prior research.
However, a way forward exists and is being proposed. In July 2017, the WHO published a new HIV drug resistance report, based on drug resistance national surveys conducted in 11 countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America. The report's findings concurred with this broader meta-analysis’ results and showed that in 6 of the 11 countries surveyed over 10% of people starting HIV treatment had drug resistant strains.
"If we are to combat HIV drug resistance, we must ensure countries can do a good job in monitoring and responding to it when needed," said co-author Dr Silvia Bertagnolio of the WHO. “New WHO guidelines and a global action plan aim to help make this happen.”
WHO's guidelines on pre-treatment HIV drug resistance recommend that countries switch to more robust first-line treatment when levels of resistance reach 10%. The five-year Global Action Plan calls on all countries and partners to join efforts to prevent, monitor and respond to HIV drug resistance and to protect the ongoing progress towards the Sustainable Development Goal of ending the Aids epidemic by 2030.
Abstract
Background: Pretreatment drug resistance in people initiating or re-initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) containing non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) might compromise HIV control in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We aimed to assess the scale of this problem and whether it is associated with the intiation or re-initiation of ART in people who have had previous exposure to antiretroviral drugs.
Methods: This study was a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. We assessed regional prevalence of pretreatment drug resistance and risk of pretreatment drug resistance in people initiating ART who reported previous ART exposure. We systematically screened publications and unpublished datasets for pretreatment drug-resistance data in individuals in LMICs initiating or re-initiating first-line ART from LMICs. We searched for studies in PubMed and Embase and conference abstracts and presentations from the Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, the International AIDS Society Conference, and the International Drug Resistance Workshop for the period Jan 1, 2001, to Dec 31, 2016. To assess the prevalence of drug resistance within a specified region at any specific timepoint, we extracted study level data and pooled prevalence estimates within the region using an empty logistic regression model with a random effect at the study level. We used random effects meta-regression to relate sampling year to prevalence of pretreatment drug resistance within geographical regions.
Findings: We identified 358 datasets that contributed data to our analyses, representing 56 044 adults in 63 countries. Prevalence estimates of pretreatment NNRTI resistance in 2016 were 11·0% (7·5–15·9) in southern Africa, 10·1% (5·1–19·4) in eastern Africa, 7·2% (2·9–16·5) in western and central Africa, and 9·4% (6·6–13·2) in Latin America and the Caribbean. There were substantial increases in pretreatment NNRTI resistance per year in all regions. The yearly increases in the odds of pretreatment drug resistance were 23% (95% CI 16–29) in southern Africa, 17% (5–30) in eastern Africa, 17% (6–29) in western and central Africa, 11% (5–18) in Latin America and the Caribbean, and 11% (2–20) in Asia. Estimated increases in the absolute prevalence of pretreatment drug resistance between 2015 and 2016 ranged from 0·3% in Asia to 1·8% in southern Africa.
Interpretation: Pretreatment drug resistance is increasing at substantial rate in LMICs, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2016, the prevalence of pretreatment NNRTI resistance was near WHO's 10% threshold for changing first-line ART in southern and eastern Africa and Latin America, underscoring the need for routine national HIV drug-resistance surveillance and review of national policies for first-line ART regimen composition.
Authors
Ravindra K Gupta, John Gregson, Neil Parkin, Hiwot Haile-Selassie, Amilcar Tanuri, Liliana Andrade Forero, Pontiano Kaleebu, Christine Watera, Avelin Aghokeng, Nicholus Mutenda, Janet Dzangare, San Hone, Zaw Zaw Hang, Judith Garcia, Zully Garcia, Paola Marchorro, Enrique Beteta, Amalia Giron, Raph Hamers, Seth Inzaule, Lisa M Frenkel, Michael H Chung, Tulio de Oliveira, Deenan Pillay, Kogie Naidoo, Ayesha Kharsany, Ruthiran Kugathasan, Teresa Cutino, Gillian Hunt, Santiago Avila Rios, Meg Doherty, Michael R Jordan, Silvia Bertagnolio
[link url="http://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/news-articles/1217/011217-hiv-drug-resistance"]University College London material[/link]
[link url="http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(17)30702-8/fulltext"]The Lancet Infectious Diseases abstract[/link]