Urgent action is needed to improve access to the antifungal drug flucytosine, say investigators, following the presentation of the results of a trial showing that treatment containing flucytosine is superior to any other form of treatment in reducing the risk of death from cryptococcal meningitis in people with very advanced HIV disease.
The study also found that one week of treatment with amphotericin B combined with either flucytosine or fluconazole was just as effective as the gold standard regimen of two weeks of amphotericin B and flucytosine, and that if amphotericin B infusion treatment is not possible, an oral regimen of fluconazole and flucytosine is just as effective as the gold standard.
The results of the Advancing Cryptococcal Meningitis Treatment for Africa (ACTA) study were presented at the 9th International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Science (IAS 2017) in Paris, France. The study was sponsored by the UK’s Medical Research Council and the French Agency for Research on AIDS and Viral Hepatitis (ANRS).
The findings open up the possibility of more widespread treatment for cryptococcal meningitis, one of the major causes of death in people with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. UNITAID, the international drug purchase fund for HIV, TB and malaria, is set to investigate how it can help to make flucytosine more widely available, said Sile Molloy of St George’s, University of London.
Cryptococcal meningitis may cause up to 15% of all HIV-related deaths each year in lower- and middle-income countries (181,000 deaths), according to a recently published analysis. Cryptococcosis is a fungal infection caused by Cryptococcus neoformans that causes life-threatening meningitis. The review estimated that 6% of people living with HIV with CD4 cell counts below 100 cells/mm3 are positive for cryptococcal antigen, which strongly predicts the development of cryptococcal meningitis.
Cryptococcal meningitis can be treated with antifungal drugs: amphotericin B, fluconazole or flucytosine. A two-week course of treatment with amphotericin B and flucytosine is considered to be the gold standard. Amphotericin B must be administered by infusion in hospital and flucytosine is largely unavailable in Africa and Asia. Flucytosine is not registered in South Africa, where a previous product registration lapsed in 1996, nor in any other African country, and only one generic form of the drug is available.
Rapid advice guidelines issued by the World Health Organisation in 2011 proposed several alternative regimens but these have never been compared in a large randomised clinical trial. The ACTA trial was designed to compare several regimens which might prove sustainable and effective in sub-Saharan Africa:
Oral: fluconazole (1200mg/day) plus flucytosine (100mg/kg/day) for 2 weeks.
1-week: Amphotericin B (1mg/kg/d), plus fluconazole (1200mg/day), or flucytosine (100mg/kg/day) (ratio 1:1), for 7 days. Days 8-14, fluconazole 1200mg/day.
2-weeks: Amphotericin B (1mg/kg/d) plus fluconazole (1200mg/day), or flucytosine (100mg/kg/day) (ratio 1:1), for 14 days.
All participants received fluconazole 800mg/day until starting antiretroviral treatment at around day 28 of the study, when the dose was reduced to 400mg until week 10, and then to a maintenance dose of 200mg/day. Participants were followed for ten weeks in all.
One-week dosing of amphotericin B may be just as effective as two-week dosing, animal studies suggest, but may result in less toxicity. Preliminary studies show that high-dose fluconazole and flucytosine clears cryptococcus just as quickly as amphotericin B.
The ACTA study recruited 721 people in Cameroon, Malawi, Tanzania and Zambia between 2013 and 2016. All study participants had been diagnosed with a first episode of cryptococcal meningitis. The median CD4 cell count of study participants was 25 cells/mm3. Approximately one in five already had severe symptoms and around one in three were in need of interventions such as lumbar puncture to relieve pressure on the brain caused by the infection. The need for intervention to reduce pressure indicates a poor prognosis.
The primary study outcome was a comparison of mortality after two weeks of treatment.
The final intent-to-treat analysis covered 678 study participants. The study showed: no significant difference in mortality at 2 weeks or 10 weeks between the three treatment strategies, although there was a trend towards fewer deaths in the all-oral treatment arm; faster clearance of cryptococcus from the cerebrospinal fluid with the all-oral regimen compared to the 2-week amphotericin B regimen (p < 0.001); substantially fewer blood transfusions to treat anaemia induced by amphotericin B in the all-oral arm and the 1-week arm when compared to the 2-week arm. and significantly lower mortality at 10 weeks when amphotericin B was combined with flucytosine rather than fluconazole in the 1-week arm (p = 0.002).
After 10 weeks of follow-up, the lowest all-cause mortality was observed in the 1-week amphotericin B & flucytosine arm (24 vs 38% in the 2-week amphotericin B & flucytosine arm, hazard ratio 0.56, 95% CI: 0.35-0.91).
The study investigators recommend that centres in sub-Saharan Africa should use the 1-week amphotericin B and flucytosine regimen if possible, and the 1-week fluconazole and flucytosine regimen if the use of amphotericin B is not possible. They say that adoption of the new regimens could save tens of thousands of lives each year if flucytosine can be made available in Africa.
Abstract
Background: Cryptococcal meningitis (CM) accounts for 10-20% of HIV-related deaths and >100,000 deaths/year. Amphotericin (AmB) plus flucytosine for 2 weeks is considered the gold standard but is unavailable in resource-limited settings where fluconazole treatment predominates.
Methods: Based on phase II studies, we tested, against 2 weeks AmB-based treatment, 2 new strategies, which could be sustainable in Africa, and more effective than fluconazole: optimized oral therapy of high dose fluconazole plus flucytosine, and short (1 week) induction with AmB-based treatment. In the AmB arms we compared fluconazole and flucytosine as adjunctive treatments.
Between 2013 and 2016, 721 participants from 9 centres in Malawi, Zambia, Cameroon, and Tanzania with first-episode CM were randomized to: Oral (238): fluconazole (1200mg/day) plus flucytosine (100mg/kg/day) for 2 weeks; 1-week (240): AmB (1mg/kg/d), plus fluconazole (1200mg/day), or flucytosine (100mg/kg/day) (ratio 1:1), for 7 days. Days 8-14, fluconazole 1200mg/day.
2-weeks (243): AmB (1mg/kg/d) plus fluconazole (1200mg/day), or flucytosine (100mg/kg/day) (ratio 1:1), for 14 days. After 2 weeks, all received standard fluconazole consolidation. ART was started, or restarted, at 4 weeks, and patients followed-up to 10 weeks.
Results: Only 4 participants were lost-to-follow-up. Mortality at 2 and 10 weeks for oral, 1-week, and 2-weeks was 18%, 22%, 21%, and 35%, 36%, 40%, respectively. The upper 1-sided 95%CI limits for the difference in mortality comparing oral and 1-week against 2 weeks AmB-based treatment (primary endpoint) were 3.0% and 6.8%, below the pre-specified 10% non-inferiority margin. Hazard ratios (95%CI) were 0.82 (0.54-1.25) and 1.01 (0.68-1.51) at 2, and 0.83 (0.61-1.13) and 0.89 (0.66-1.21) at 10 weeks, for oral and 1-week vs 2-weeks, respectively. As adjunctive treatment with AmB, flucytosine was superior to fluconazole [HR(95%CI): 1.62(1.19-2.20) p=0.002]. One week AmB plus flucytosine had the lowest 10-week mortality (24%), significantly lower than all other AmB arms [HR(95%CI): 0.56(0.35-0.91) comparing 1-week with 2-weeks AmB plus flucytosine]. Side effects were more frequent with 2 weeks AmB than with 1 week AmB, or oral therapy.
Conclusions: One week AmB plus flucytosine and the oral combination provide safe, effective and sustainable induction therapy in resource-limited settings. Flucytosine should be made widely available for treatment of cryptococcosis.
Authors
S Molloy, C Kanyama, R Heyderman, A Loyse, C Kouanfack, D Chanda, S Mfinanga, E Temfack, S Lakhi, S Lesikari, A Chan, N Stone, N Kalata, N Karunaharan, K Gaskell, M Peirse, J Ellis, C Chawinga, S Lontsi, J-G Ndong, P Bright, D Lupiya, T Chen, J Bradley, J Adams, C van der Horst, JJ van Oosterhout, V Sini, YN Mapoure, P Mwaba, T Bicanic, D Lalloo, D Wang, M Hosseinipour, O Lortholary, S Jaffar, T Harrison, ACTA Trial Study Team
[link url="http://www.aidsmap.com/Improved-treatment-for-cryptococcal-meningitis-in-HIV-could-save-thousands-of-lives-if-generic-drug-becomes-available/page/3158744/"]Aidsmap material[/link]
[link url="http://programme.ias2017.org/Abstract/Abstract/5573"]IAS 2017 abstract[/link]