A Brazilian study questions the efficacy of treatments for depression based on stimulating brain areas with low-intensity electric current. The technique, known as transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS), was considered a promising alternative to treatment with anti-depressant drugs.
In the new study, researchers at the University of São Paulo's teaching hospital (HU-USP) and the Psychiatry Institute of Hospital das Clínicas (HC-FMUSP-IP), the largest general hospital in Brazil, describe a trial in which they found tDCS to be less effective than escitalopram, an anti-depressant.
The team of researchers led by André Brunoni, a professor in the psychiatry department of the University of São Paulo's Medical School (FMUSP) and director of HC-FMUSP-IP's Interdisciplinary Neuromodulation Service, randomly divided 245 patients with depression into three groups.
One group was treated with tDCS plus oral placebo, the second received sham tDCS treatment plus the anti-depressant, and the third received sham tDCS treatment plus oral placebo.
The tDCS treatment was administered in 30-minute sessions for 15 consecutive weekdays, followed by seven once-weekly sessions. Escitalopram was administered at a dose of 10 mg per day for three weeks and 20 mg per day for another seven weeks.
"We defined non-inferiority of stimulation compared with medication as at least 50%, meaning that tDCS would have to be at least 50% as effective as the anti-depressant, but this wasn't the case," Brunoni said. The study was supported by the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) through its Young Investigators Awards programme.
"We found that treatment with tDCS was not half as effective as treatment with escitalopram and concluded that transcranial stimulation cannot be recommended as first-line therapy. The anti-depressant is easier to administer and much more effective. On the other hand, tDCS performed better than placebo in our previous studies."
About 12%-14% of the world's population is estimated to suffer from depression, and it is relatively easy to find self-help websites with videos showing how to administer tDCS at home.
"It's very striking," Brunoni said. "These sites that claim to show how to stimulate your brain represent a huge risk for patients with depression. 'Do-it-yourself' solutions are strongly contra-indicated. In fact, they're dangerous. I expect our study to have an impact on this phenomenon because we've proved there are adverse side effects and that it's not as effective as many people think."
According to the study, patients who received tDCS treatment presented with higher rates of skin redness, tinnitus (ringing in the ears) and nervousness than the other two groups, and new-onset mania developed in two patients in this group.
Brunoni stressed the importance of not confusing tDCS with other methods such as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), which involves a far stronger current – typically 800 milliamperes, or 800 times the current used in Tdcs – and is designed to produce a controlled seizure. Other differences include the fact that ECT delivers a brief pulse rather than a steady current.
The tDCS device is connected to a headband with twin electrodes placed on the patient's temples so that the current runs through the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, an area with diminished activity in depressed people.
"People with depression display cerebral hypoactivity, especially in this brain region but also in others," Brunoni said. "The action mechanism of stimulation was believed to increase brain activity in this region, but no such effect has yet been proven."
Other techniques designed to change the brain's electrical activity include transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial alternating-current stimulation, deep-brain stimulation and focused ultrasound.
"Of these, only transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroconvulsive therapy are currently cleared by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of depression, and deep-brain stimulation has a humanitarian device exemption for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder," writes Dr Sarah H Lisanby, director of the division of translational research at the US National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), in an editorial.
Lisanby highlights the study performed in Brazil and argues that parameters are needed to measure the functioning of tDCS. Brunoni agreed. "There are no parameters that enable us to know whether the tDCS dose is right," he said. "I know two pills are a higher dose than one. Moreover, some drugs can be measured in the bloodstream. The most common example is lithium. You can dose magnetic stimulation. In electrical stimulation, however, it isn't what you see. It's a very weak current that can be altered even by anatomical aspects in each patient."
Brunoni is currently a visiting postdoctoral fellow at the University of Munich in Germany, where he plans to finish analysing data collected from his clinical trial.
"We collected a large amount of blood, genetic and neuroimaging data during the study," he said. "I'm going to finish analysing all these data and investigate whether there's a patient profile with an optimal response to the treatment. Clinically speaking, there doesn't seem to be such a profile at first glance, but less-refractory patients who have never tried treatment before are thought to show a better response. I also plan to question the stimulation parameters themselves in order to try to discover whether there's a type of depression that responds more readily to this kind of treatment."
Abstract
Background: We compared transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) with a selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor for the treatment of depression.
Methods: In a single-center, double-blind, noninferiority trial involving adults with unipolar depression, we randomly assigned patients to receive tDCS plus oral placebo, sham tDCS plus escitalopram, or sham tDCS plus oral placebo. The tDCS was administered in 30-minute, 2-mA prefrontal stimulation sessions for 15 consecutive weekdays, followed by 7 weekly treatments. Escitalopram was given at a dose of 10 mg per day for 3 weeks and 20 mg per day thereafter. The primary outcome measure was the change in the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS-17) score (range, 0 to 52, with higher scores indicating more depression). Noninferiority of tDCS versus escitalopram was defined by a lower boundary of the confidence interval for the difference in the decreased score that was at least 50% of the difference in the scores with placebo versus escitalopram.
Results: A total of 245 patients underwent randomization, with 91 being assigned to escitalopram, 94 to tDCS, and 60 to placebo. In the intention-to-treat analysis, the mean (±SD) decrease in the score from baseline was 11.3±6.5 points in the escitalopram group, 9.0±7.1 points in the tDCS group, and 5.8±7.9 points in the placebo group. The lower boundary of the confidence interval for the difference in the decrease for tDCS versus escitalopram (difference, −2.3 points; 95% confidence interval [CI], −4.3 to −0.4; P=0.69) was lower than the noninferiority margin of −2.75 (50% of placebo minus escitalopram), so noninferiority could not be claimed. Escitalopram and tDCS were both superior to placebo (difference vs. placebo, 5.5 points [95% CI, 3.1 to 7.8; P<0.001] and 3.2 points [95% CI, 0.7 to 5.5; P=0.01], respectively). Patients receiving tDCS had higher rates of skin redness, tinnitus, and nervousness than did those in the other two groups, and new-onset mania developed in 2 patients in the tDCS group. Patients receiving escitalopram had more frequent sleepiness and obstipation than did those in the other two groups.
Conclusions: In a single-center trial, tDCS for the treatment of depression did not show noninferiority to escitalopram over a 10-week period and was associated with more adverse events.
Authors
Andre R Brunoni, Adriano H Moffa, Bernardo Sampaio-Junior, Lucas Borrione, Marina L Moreno, Raquel A Fernandes, Beatriz P Veronezi, Barbara S Nogueira, Luana VM Aparicio, Lais B Razza, Renan Chamorro, Luara C Tort, Renerio Fraguas, Paulo A Lotufo, Wagner F Gattaz, Felipe Fregni, Isabela M Benseñor
[link url="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/08/170831140548.htm"]Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo material[/link]
[link url="http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1612999"]New England Journal of Medicine abstract[/link]