Two decades of a sedentary lifestyle is associated with a two times risk of premature death compared to being physically active, according to results from the HUNT study presented at ESC Congress 2019 together with the World Congress of Cardiology. Risk can be reduced by taking up physical activity later in life, even if not active before.
Study author Dr Trine Moholdt of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway said: "Our findings imply that to get the maximum health benefits of physical activity in terms of protection against premature all-cause and cardiovascular death, you need to continue being physically active. You can also reduce your risk by taking up physical activity later in life, even if you have not been active before."
The aim of this study was to assess how changes in physical activity over 22 years were related to subsequent death from all causes and from cardiovascular disease. Most studies investigating the relationship between physical activity and longevity have asked participants about their level of physical activity only once, and then followed them for several years. But physical activity is a behaviour that changes in many people, so it is important to investigate how such changes over time relate to the risk of death in the future.
The HUNT study invited all residents of Norway aged 20 and older to participate in 1984-1986, 1995-1997, and 2006-2008. At all three time points, individuals were asked about their frequency and duration of leisure time physical activity. The current study used the data from the first and third surveys.
A total of 23,146 men and women were included in the analysis. Physical activity was categorised as inactive, moderate (less than two hours a week), and high (two or more hours per week). Participants were divided into groups according to their activity levels at each survey.
Physical activity data were linked to information on deaths until the end of 2013 using the Norwegian Cause of Death Registry. The risk of death in each physical activity group was compared to the reference group (those who reported a high level of exercise during both surveys). The analyses were adjusted for factors known to influence prognosis such as body mass index, age, sex, smoking, education level, and blood pressure.
Compared to the reference group, people who were inactive in both 1984-1986 and 2006-2008 had a 2-fold higher likelihood of all-cause death and 2.7-fold greater risk of dying from cardiovascular disease. Those with moderate activity at both time points had 60% and 90% raised risks of all-cause and cardiovascular deaths, respectively, compared to the reference group.
Moholdt noted that there are clear recommendations about the amount of exercise adults should do to optimise their health, which are 150 minutes a week of moderate intensity or 75 minutes a week of vigorous intensity aerobic physical activity. But she added: "An important point to make here is that physical activity levels even below the advised levels will give health benefits. Physical fitness is more important than the amount of exercise. Clinicians should individualise their advice and help people do even smaller amounts of activity that will improve fitness – this includes all types of exercise that make you breathe heavily."
"Do activities you like and get more movement into your everyday life," she continued. "For example, walk to the shops instead of driving, get off the metro a stop early, and use stairs instead of the lift. I recommend everyone to get out of breath at least a couple of times each week."
As for those who changed categories between surveys, people who went from inactive to highly active had a mortality risk that was between those who were continually active or continually sedentary. In contrast, those who went from highly active to inactive had a similar risk of dying as those who were inactive at both surveys.
"Our data indicate that you can compensate for a previously inactive lifestyle and the sooner you get active, the sooner you will see positive results," said Moholdt. "My advice is to establish good exercise habits as early in life as possible. The health benefits extend beyond protection against premature death to effects in the body's organs and on cognitive function. Physical activity helps us live longer and better lives."
Abstract
Background: The majority of studies relating physical activity (PA) to mortality have assessed PA using one baseline measure. Important questions in a preventive perspective are whether you can compensate for prior physical inactivity by taking up PA at a later stage in life and whether being physically active earlier in life can confer benefits even if you become inactive later. We investigated how patterns of PA over 22 years associated with all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality.
Method: We used data from the prospective population-based HUNT Study in Norway, including 10,491 men and 12,655 women aged = 20 years who participated at HUNT in 1984-86 and 2006-08. PA was categorised into inactive, < 2 h/week or = 2 h/week, making nine categories of patterns of PA over 22 years. All-cause and CVD mortality were assessed from the national Cause of Death Registry, with follow-up until the end of 2013. We used Cox regression to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all-cause and CVD mortality within categories of PA patterns, compared to the reference category of individuals who reported = 2 h/week at both examinations. Estimates were adjusted for baseline age, sex, body mass index, smoking, education level and blood pressure.
Results: Individuals who were inactive in both 1984-86 and in 2006-08 had increased risk of all-cause mortality (HR 1.99, 95% CI 1.48-2.67) and CVD mortality (HR 2.68, 95% 1.47-4.86) compared to those who were physically active = 2 h/week at both examination. The HRs for all-cause and CVD mortality were 1.60 (1.22-2.15) and 1.90 (1.06-3.42), respectively, for those who reported PA of < 2h/week at both examinations. Individuals who went from being physically active in 1984-86 to inactive in 2006-08, had a comparable risk of all-cause and CVD mortality as those who were inactive at both examinations. Overall, the mortality risk was still increased in those who took up PA between the two examinations, compared to the reference category.
Discussion: Individuals who remained physically inactive or who decreased their PA over 22 years had substantially increased all-cause and CVD mortality risk. Taking up PA only attenuated the risk but a high level of sustained PA was associated with the lowest risk.
Authors
T Moholdt, B Mo, TIL Nilsen
[link url="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/08/190831155849.htm"]European Society of Cardiology material[/link]
[link url="https://esc365.escardio.org/Congress/ESC-CONGRESS-2019/Poster-Session-1-Benefit-and-safety-of-physical-activity/197118-patterns-of-physical-activity-over-22-years-and-mortality-the-hunt-study-norway#abstract"]ESC 2019 abstract[/link]