The largest numbers of deaths will occur among older people in low and middle-income countries, yet the global response neglects this group, write researchers from the United Kingdom and South Africa.
The scientists from the University of East Anglia (UEA), London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM) and Samson Institute for Ageing Research (SIFAR) in Cape Town are leading calls for an age perspective to be included explicitly in national and global planning on Covid-19, as well as the urgent formation of an expert group on older people to support with guidance and response to the virus.
In an editorial in the British Medical Journal, Professor Peter Lloyd-Sherlock of UEA, Professor Shah Ebrahim and Professor Martin McKee of LSHTM, and Dr Leon Geffen at SIFAR, note that the largest numbers of deaths will occur among older people in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). These countries contain 69% of the global population aged 60 and over, and health systems which are less extensive and less focused on the needs of older people than in high-income countries.
Lloyd-Sherlock, professor of social policy and international development at UEA, said: "The global response to coronavirus must be directed towards those groups who will face the most devastating consequences. So far, this has not happened. We are facing an unprecedented and enormous wave of mortality among older people in these countries."
In LMICs the risk of infection for older people will be high because living arrangements are often cramped and overcrowded. Increasing numbers of older people in LMICs live in nursing homes or similar facilities, where conditions are often poor and regulation weak.
The researchers say social distancing policies must consider the already precarious existence of many older people, particularly those living alone or dependent on others for care and support. These people may face barriers to obtaining food and other essential supplies if quarantine conditions become more widespread.
As in high-income countries, the risk of dying from COVID-19 in LMICs increases sharply with age and the vast majority of deaths observed are in people over the age of 60, especially those with chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease.
The capacity of health systems in LMICs to screen, let alone treat, the virus will be very limited: in South Africa each test costs around US$75 -this exceeds total annual government per capita health spending in many LMICs. Even before COVID-19 emerged, older people already faced significant barriers of access to health services and support, including affordability, and age-based discrimination.
The researchers add: "It will not be easy to deal with these problems, especially in settings where there is often weak public health infrastructure, a lack of gerontological expertise at all levels of the health system, and limited trust in government.
"However, a first step would be to recognise that these problems exist. An age perspective should be included explicitly in the development of national and global planning for COVID-19, and a global expert group on older people should be formed to support with guidance and response to the virus in both residential facilities and home settings.
"As new knowledge emerges, this group can identify and evaluate cost effective therapies and interventions that respond to the particular needs of older people in LMICs living in challenging settings, where formal health service infrastructure is limited." They conclude: "Previously, some of the authors have argued that global health priority setting is institutionally ageist. COVID-19 offers an opportunity to prove us wrong.
[link url="http://www.uea.ac.uk/about/-/call-for-older-people-in-poor-countries-to-be-considered-in-global-responses-to-covid-19"]University of East Anglia material[/link]
[link url="https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m1052"]BMJ editorial[/link]