A study suggests that dietary components, rather than obesity itself, may lead to skin inflammation and the development of psoriasis. A common and chronic skin disease, psoriasis causes skin cells to form scales and red patches that are itchy and sometimes painful.
Previous studies have shown that obesity is a risk factor for the development or worsening of psoriasis. The Western diet, characterised by a high dietary intake of saturated fats and sucrose and low intake of fibre, has been linked to the increased prevalence of obesity in the world. "In our study, we found that short-term exposure to Western diet is able to induce psoriasis before significant body weight gain," said Dr Sam T Hwang, professor and chair of dermatology at University of California – Davis and senior author on the study.
For the UC Davis Health study, which used a mouse model, Hwang and his colleagues found that a diet containing both high fat and high sugar (mimicking the Western diet in human) was required to induce observable skin inflammation. In four weeks only, mice on Western diet had significantly increased ear swelling and visible dermatitis compared to mice fed a controlled diet and those on high fat diet alone.
"Eating an unhealthy diet does not affect your waistline alone, but your skin immunity too," said Zhenrui Shi, visiting assistant researcher in UC Davis department of dermatology and lead author on the study.
The study detailed the mechanisms by which inflammation happens following a Western diet. It identified bile acids as key signalling molecules in the regulation of skin immunity. Bile acids are produced in the liver from cholesterol and metabolized in the intestine by the gut microbiota. They play an important role in dietary lipid absorption and cholesterol balance in the blood.
The study found that cholestyramine, a drug used to lower cholesterol levels by binding to bile acids in the intestine, helped reduce the risk of skin inflammation. The finding suggests that bile acids mediate the development of psoriasis. The binding of cholestyramine to bile acids in the gut and its subsequent release through the stool allows for lowering of skin inflammation.
Further studies are needed to understand the mechanism behind diet-induced skin inflammation and the interaction between metabolism, microbes and immunity.
Other collaborators include Xuesong Wu, Mindy Huynh and Mimi Nguyen from department of dermatology at UC Davis, Prasant Jena and Yui-Jui Yvonne Wan from medical pathology and laboratory medicine at UC Davis and Sebastian Yu from department of dermatology at Kaohsiung Medical University.
Abstract
A Western diet (WD)—characterized by its high fat and simple sugar content—is thought to predispose individuals to inflammatory skin diseases such as psoriasis, through the development of obesity. This scenario, however, is being challenged by emerging data suggesting that dietary components, rather than obesity itself, may exacerbate psoriasis. We herein show that short-term feeding with a diet analogous to the WD in mice leads to Th1/Th17-biased skin inflammation before significant body weight gain. Feeding for as little as 4 weeks with WD promoted mild dermatitis and accumulation of IL-17A-producing γδ T cells in the skin. Strikingly, γδ T cells from WD-fed mice exhibited enriched IL-23 receptor expression and increased potential to produce IL-17A after IL-23 stimulation. In contrast to wild-type mice, WD-fed TCRδ-deficient and CCR6-deficient mice had reduced skin inflammation and IL-17A expression. Supplementation with a bile acid sequestrant, cholestyramine, prevented WD-induced skin inflammation along with a reduction in the infiltration of γδ T cells and the expression of proinflammatory mediators. In summary, our data revealed dietary influences in inflammatory signaling in the skin. The dysregulation of IL-23 pathways and BA pathways may be key to the development of WD-associated psoriasiform dermatitis.
Authors
Zhenrui Shi, Xuesong Wu, Sebastian Yu, Mindy Huynh, Prasant Kumar Jena, Mimi Nguyen, Yu-Jui Yvonne Wan, Samuel T Hwang
[link url="https://health.ucdavis.edu/health-news/newsroom/western-diet-rich-in-fat-and-sugar-linked-to-skin-inflammation/2020/02"]University of California – Davis Health material[/link]
[link url="https://www.jidonline.org/article/S0022-202X(20)30140-8/fulltext"]Journal of Investigative Dermatology abstract[/link]