Scientists have discovered the world’s largest known bacterium, appearing in the form of white filaments the size of human eyelashes, in a swamp in Guadeloupe, in the southern Caribbean.
At about 1cm long, the strange organism, Thiomargarita magnifica, is roughly 50 times larger than all other known giant bacteria and the first to be visible with the naked eye. The thin white strands were discovered on the surfaces of decaying mangrove leaves in shallow tropical marine marshes.
The discovery was a surprise because, according to models of cell metabolism, bacteria should simply not grow this big, reports The Guardian. Previously scientists had suggested an upper possible size limit about 100 times smaller than the new species.
“To put it into context, it would be like a human encountering another human as tall as Mount Everest,” said Jean-Marie Volland, a scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory who co-authored the study.
The organism was discovered by Olivier Gros, a marine biology professor at the Université des Antilles in Guadeloupe, while searching for symbiotic bacteria in the mangrove ecosystem.
“When I saw them, I thought: strange,” said Gros. The lab first conducted microscopic microscopic analyses to establish that the strands were single cells. Closer inspection also revealed a strange internal structure.
In most bacteria, the DNA floats around freely inside the cell. Thiomargarita magnifica appears to keep its DNA more organised inside membrane-bound compartments throughout the cell. “And this is very unexpected for a bacterium,” said Volland.
The bacterium was also found to contain three times as many genes as most bacteria and hundreds of thousands of genome copies spread throughout each cell, making it unusually complex.
Scientists are not yet sure how the bacteria evolved to be so big. One possibility is that it adapted to evade predation. “If you grow hundreds or thousands of times bigger than your predator you cannot be consumed by your predator,” said Volland.
However, becoming big would have meant losing some of bacteria’s traditional advantages, including being uniquely able to move around and colonise new niches. “By leaving the microscopic world these bacteria have definitely changed the way they interact with their environment,” he said.
The bacteria have not yet been found in other locations – and had disappeared from the original site when the researchers returned recently, perhaps because they are seasonal organisms. But in the paper, published in the journal Science, the authors conclude that the discovery “suggests that large and more complex bacteria may be hiding in plain sight”.
Study details
A centimetre-long bacterium with DNA contained in metabolically active, membrane-bound organelles
Jean-Marie Volland, Olivier Gros, Tomáš Tyml, Natalia Ivanova, Frederik Schulz, Danielle Goudeau , Nathalie Eisabeth, Nandita Nath, Daniel Edwary, Rex Malmstrom , Chantal Guidi-Rontani, Susanne Bolte-Kluge, Karen Davies, Maïtena Jean, Jean-Louis Mansot, Nigel Mouncey , Esther Angert, Tanja Woyke, Shailesh Date.
Published in Science on 23 June 2022
Abstract
Cells of most bacterial species are around 2 micrometres in length, with some of the largest specimens reaching 750 micrometres. Using fluorescence, x-ray, and electron microscopy in conjunction with genome sequencing, we characterised Candidatus (Ca.) Thiomargarita magnifica, a bacterium that has an average cell length greater than 9000 micrometres and is visible to the naked eye. These cells grow orders of magnitude over theoretical limits for bacterial cell size, display unprecedented polyploidy of more than half a million copies of a very large genome, and undergo a dimorphic life cycle with asymmetric segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells.
These features, along with compartmentalisation of genomic material and ribosomes in translationally active organelles bound by bioenergetic membranes, indicate gain of complexity in the Thiomargarita lineage and challenge traditional concepts of bacterial cells.