A recent study is challenging long-held assumptions about cannabis, finding that middle-aged and older adults who use the drug may actually see some brain and cognitive benefits, reports the New York Post.
The twist comes as cannabis use is climbing among older Americans. Research shows that nearly one in five people aged 50 to 64 had reported using marijuana in the past year, along with 5.9% of those 65 and older.
That’s notable because research on cannabis and the brain has historically zeroed in on adolescents, not ageing adults.
“More older adults are using cannabis. It’s more widely available and is being used for different reasons than in younger people, like for sleep and chronic pain,” said Dr Anika Guha, a clinical psychologist at the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and lead author of the study, published in the Journal of Studies on Alcohol & Drugs.
“Plus, people are living longer. We have to ask, ‘what are the long-term effects of cannabis use as we continue to age?’”
To dig deeper, Guha and her colleagues analysed data from 26 362 adults aged 40 to 77, with an average age of 55, all living in the United Kingdom.
Participants answered detailed questions about their cannabis use, underwent MRI scans to assess their brain structure, and completed a series of cognitive tests.
The researchers zeroed in on brain regions packed with CB1 – a cannabinoid receptor they theorised would be especially affected by cannabis.
One key focus was the hippocampus, which contains a high concentration of these receptors and plays a critical role in memory as we age. It’s also a brain region closely linked to dementia.
The cognitive tests targeted mental skills previously linked to cannabis use, including learning, memory, processing speed, attention and executive function.
The researchers found that cannabis use in older adults was generally associated with larger brain volumes in several regions.
“It’s not that bigger is always better. But we also know that as we age, we often see smaller brain volumes due to processes like atrophy and neurodegeneration,” Guha said.
“That decrease is often correlated with reduced cognitive function and increased dementia risk.”
Older adults who used cannabis also tended to perform better on cognitive tests, adding to a growing body of evidence suggesting the drug may have neuroprotective effects as we age.
In a Danish study, researchers found that cannabis users experienced “significantly less cognitive decline” over their lifetimes than non-users.
And a US study involving patients with HIV found that those with a history of occasional cannabis use also showed stronger cognitive performance.
Even Guha didn’t expect the results to line up so cleanly.
“I was a little surprised that every cognitive measure that demonstrated a significant effect showed better performance among cannabis users,” she said.
“It goes against your default assumptions,” she added, “because I think a lot of research out there has shown cannabis is associated with worse cognitive function, at least acutely.”
That doesn’t mean lighting up non-stop is the secret to ageing well.
“For many of our outcome measures, moderation seemed to be best,” Guha said.
Across most brain regions and cognitive tests that showed an effect, moderate users had larger brain volumes and better cognitive performance.
Still, there were a few exceptions. In measures like right amygdala volume and visual memory and learning, heavy users posted the strongest results.
“I think that really suggests that there are dose-dependent effects,” Guha said, though she noted the study lacked detailed data on participants’ specific patterns of use.
There was also one potential downside. Higher cannabis use was linked to lower volume in the posterior cingulate – a brain region involved in memory, learning and emotional processing.
But even that finding isn’t cut and dried.
“Some research suggests a smaller posterior cingulate volume is actually associated with better working memory, so it’s a little unclear what this means,” Guha said.
“It’s a good reminder that these effects involve multiple processes,” she added. “It’s not all good or all bad.”
At the end of the day, Guha suspects cannabis’seffects on the brain depend on many factors, including how it’s used, what products people choose, why they’re using it and which stage of life researchers are studying.
“I think the main takeaway is that the story is nuanced,” she said. “Those are important questions and we’re still figuring them out.”
More answers may be on the way. Guha and her colleagues have another paper under review examining how cannabis affects brain function – not just structure – in the same group of older adults.
“These data suggest there are also positive impacts of cannabis on the function of these brain regions, not just the size or volume of them, too,” she said.
Guha is also beginning to explore the link between brain health and psilocybin use, another once-taboo substance that has gone increasingly mainstream.
“If people are using these substances, it’s worth knowing what the impacts are, both good and bad,” she said.
See more from MedicalBrief archives:
Cannabis and brain health – American Heart Association scientific statement
Active ingredient in cannabis protects ageing brain cells, may help Alzheimer’s
BMJ: New clinical guidelines for medical cannabis in pain relief
Medical cannabis provides symptom relief for a myriad of complaints