New research suggests that an already-approved drug could dramatically reduce the debilitating impact of strokes.
In the study, one dose of the anti-epilepsy drug, retigabine, preserved brain tissue in a mouse model of stroke and prevented the loss of balance control and motor coordination. Researchers from the School of Medicine at the University of Texas Health Science Centre at San Antonio conducted the study and found that hours after a stroke, both treated mice and a control group of mice were placed on a balance beam to observe motor coordination. The untreated mice displayed a pronounced loss of coordination with slips and falls. Treated mice had no difficulty with balance, ambulation or turning around on the beam.
"You couldn't even tell they had a stroke," said senior author Dr Mark S Shapiro, professor of physiology at the UT Health Science Centre San Antonio. "They ran across the balance beam like gymnasts."
Histological analysis of the brain tissue of treated mice showed significantly reduced damage to the tissue after the stroke, compared to untreated mice. The protective effects of the medication were observed in treated mice up to five days after the stroke, said Dr Sonya Bierbower, postdoctoral fellow and lead author of the report.
Future studies will assess how long brain function can be protected after a stroke, and whether injury-related seizures can be prevented. "We are also going to see if we can prevent strokes in high-risk animal models," Bierbower said.
Retigabine and similar agents open specific proteins called potassium ion channels, whose action stops the electrical activity of nerve cells in the brain. The San Antonio team studied ischemic stroke, in which oxygen and nutrients are suddenly cut off due to a clot in a blood vessel. This is the type of stroke most often seen in humans. "We thought if we could stop the neurons from firing, stopping their electrical activity, we could conserve their resources until the time their blood supply was restored," Shapiro said. "This proved to be the case."
Cells starved of oxygen and nutrients for six hours are compromised and the process of dying is nearly impossible to reverse. Moreover, when cells die, they release factors that trigger many types of responses including an inflammatory response, leading to more cell death in the areas around the blood clot.
A drug called tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) treats strokeS by dissolving clots to restore blood flow, but this has significant limitations. tPA causes severe thinning of the blood, so it is not an option for patients who have high blood pressure, a history of bleeding or weak blood vessels. tPA is most effective in the first hours after a stroke, but its later use may do more damage than good.
Potassium channel openers such as retigabine work on a completely different system. "They have nothing to do with thinning blood, but preserving cells by putting a brake on their electrical activity," Shapiro said.
"It's treating the first step in the sequence and stopping the more damaging secondary effects," Bierbower said. "These agents directly affect the nerve cells themselves."
Because retigabine is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration under the US brand name Ezogabine as an anticonvulsant, physicians may use it off label in stroke patients. FDA approval for specifically this drug as stroke therapy will require a clinical trial to be conducted, and a team of neurologists and neurosurgeons at the Health Science Centre is considering it, Shapiro said.
[link url="http://uthscsa.edu/hscnews/singleformat2.asp?newID=4986"]University of Texas Health Science Centre press release[/link]
[link url="http://www.jneurosci.org/content/35/5/2101"]Journal of Neuroscience abstract[/link]