University of Sydney research has revealed that the risk of a heart attack is 8.5 times higher in the two hours following a burst of intense anger. "Our findings confirm what has been suggested in prior studies and anecdotal evidence, even in films – that episodes of intense anger can act as a trigger for a heart attack," said lead author Dr Thomas Buckley, Sydney Nursing School, University of Sydney, and researcher at Royal North Shore Hospital. "The data shows that the higher risk of a heart attack isn't necessarily just while you're angry – it lasts for two hours after the outburst.
In the study, 'anger' was qualified as 5 and above on a 1-7 scale, referring to 'very angry, body tense, clenching fists or teeth, ready to burst', up to 'enraged, out of control, throwing objects'. Anger below this level was not associated with increased risk. "The triggers for these burst of intense anger were associated with arguments with family members (29%), argument with others (42%), work anger (14%) and driving anger (14%)," said Buckley.
"The data also revealed that episodes of anxiety can also make you more likely to have heart attack. High levels of anxiety were associated with a 9.5 fold increased risk of triggering a heart attack in the two hours after the anxiety episode. Increased risk following intense anger or anxiety is most likely due to increased heart rate, blood pressure, tightening of blood vessels and increased clotting, all associated with triggering heart attacks," he said.
The study was an investigation of consecutive patients suspected of heart attack and confirmed by angiography reports at Royal North Shore hospital. Patients confirmed with acute coronary blockage were admitted, interviewed about their activities in the 48 hours before the onset of symptoms, and usual frequencies of activities were recorded for comparison.
"Although the incidence of anger-triggered heart attacks is around 2%, of the sample, those people were 8.5 times more likely to have a heart attack within two hours of the emotional episode. So while the absolute risk of any one episode triggering a heart attack is low, this data demonstrates that the danger is very present. "Our findings highlight the need to consider strategies to protect individuals most at risk during times of acute anger.
Senior author Professor Geoffrey Tofler, preventative cardiology, University of Sydney said "Potential preventive approaches may be stress reduction training to reduce the frequency and intensity of episodes of anger, or avoiding activities that usually prompt such intense reactions, for instance, avoiding an angry confrontation or activity that provokes intense anxiety. "Additionally, improving general health by minimising other risk factors, such as hypertension, high cholesterol or smoking would also lower risk.
"For those at high risk, it is possible that medication such as beta-blockers and aspirin taken at the time of a trigger may interrupt the link between the stressor and the heart attack. We are currently recruiting subjects for a study examining this option. Our research suggests that when managing a person with heart disease or in preventing heart disease in others, a person's frequency of anger and anxiety should also be assessed and be part of helping individuals to take care of themselves.
"Our message to people is they need to be aware that a burst of severe anger or anxiety could lead to a coronary event, so consider preventative strategies where possible," Tofler said.
A 2014 study also found that outbursts of anger may trigger heart attacks, strokes and other cardiovascular problems in the two hours immediately afterwards. Led by Dr Murray Mittleman, director of the cardiovascular epidemiology research unit at Harvard Medical School, the researchers looked for studies carried out between January 1966 and June 2013 on the links between anger and a range of cardiovascular outcomes, and analysed results from nine that were eligible for meta-analysis. The researchers conclude: "Given the lessons we have learned from trying to treat depression after MI, treating anger in isolation is unlikely to be impactful. Instead, a broader and more comprehensive approach to treating acute and chronic mental stress, and its associated psychological stressors, is likely to be needed to heal a hostile heart."
[link url="http://sydney.edu.au/news/84.html?newscategoryid=1&newsstoryid=14628&utm_source=console&utm_medium=news"]Sydney University material[/link]
[link url="http://acc.sagepub.com/content/early/2015/02/20/2048872615568969.full"]European Heart Journal: Acute Cardiovascular Care abstract[/link]
[link url="http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/35/21/1404.1"]European Heart Journal abstract[/link]
[link url="https://www.medicalbrief.co.za/archives/bursts-of-anger-could-increase-heart-attack-risk/"]See also archived study: Bursts of anger could increase heart attack[/link]