Blood pressure readings taken from neuroscience intensive care unit (NSICU) patients had marked differences between opposite sides of the body and different anatomical sites in each individual, highlighting the significant and sometimes extreme variability of this measure even in the same person depending on where it’s taken, researchers from UT Southwestern Medical Centre report.
The findings could eventually impact how blood pressure information – which informs a variety of medical decisions in the NSICU and beyond – is collected.
Having an accurate blood pressure reading is essential to delivering often lifesaving care, say UT Southwestern study leaders Kathrina B Siaron, a neurocritical care nurse, and Dr DaiWai M Olson, a professor of neurology and neurotherapeutics and neurological surgery. "For our patients in the NSICU, blood pressure often needs to be maintained in a very narrow range," Siaron says. "Moving it one way or another could potentially harm the patient."
It's also a parameter that's been measured much the same way for over a century, she explains: Patients wear a cuff around the upper arm, wrist, or thigh for non-invasive assessments, or a thin plastic catheter is inserted into their arteries for invasive measures, with arterial pressure long considered the gold standard and thought to be within 10 points of blood pressure in the upper arm. Although it's well known that blood pressure can vary dramatically between patients or in the same patient from moment to moment, medical care providers have long assumed that there was little variation between these measures at different sites on the same patient.
To test this idea, Siaron, Olson, and their colleagues worked with 80 patients admitted to UT Southwestern's NSICU between April and July 2019. These patients – split almost equally between men and women with a mean age of about 53 – were admitted to the unit for a variety of common serious neurological problems, including stroke, subarachnoid haemorrhage, and brain tumours.
The researchers had these patients sit upright in their hospital beds, wearing blood pressure cuffs on both upper arms connected to different, precisely calibrated machines. Simultaneously, clinicians activated the machines to take readings, then recorded them. They then had the patients wear wrist cuffs and performed the same exercise. For the 29 patients who also had arterial blood pressure sensors, values from those devices were recorded while patients were receiving non-invasive blood pressure readings.
As expected, there were often large blood pressure differences from patient to patient. However, there were also significant differences in individual patients from site to site. There was a mean difference of about 8 points in systolic pressure (the top number in blood pressure values) between upper arms, and a mean difference of up to 13 points between upper arm and wrist systolic values.
Diastolic measures (the bottom number in blood pressure values) varied by a mean of about 6 points between arms and about 5 points between upper arms and wrists. Arterial pressure often varied significantly from each of the values – sometimes as much as 15 points higher or lower.
Although the mean differences between sites were just a few points on average, they differed by as much as 40 points between some patients, says Olson – a dramatic difference that could radically affect what type of care that patient receives.
"If we take pressure in one arm, a patient seems fine, but in the other arm, they're in a crisis," he says. "The values we collected were really all over the place. There was no consistency between the same arm or wrist between different patients."
It's unclear why these differences exist between sites, adds Siaron – blood pressure numbers could be affected by an assortment of factors, such as a patient's posture, anatomical differences, or medical conditions that affect blood flow. The team plans to continue to study blood pressure among different anatomical sites in varying populations, such as patients in the general ICU or healthy volunteers. Eventually, they say, blood pressure might be collected using a totally different protocol, such as averaging the values between two sides of the body or accepting the highest number.
Abstract
Blood pressure (BP) management is a crucial part of critical care that directly affects morbidity and mortality. While BP has become a mainstay in patient care, the accuracy and precision of BP measures across commonly used sites (left upper arm, right upper arm, etc.) and methods have not been established. This study begins to fill this gap in literature by testing the null hypothesis that BP measurement does not vary according to site. This is a prospective, non-randomized, cross-sectional study of 80 neurocritical care unit patients. Near simultaneous non-invasive blood pressure (NIBP) readings from 4 different locations (bilateral upper arm, bilateral wrist) and, when available, intra-arterial blood pressure readings (IABP) were included. Pearson correlation coefficients and one-way repeated measures ANOVA were used to observe the systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure (MAP) correlations. The BP measured at the four most common sites (left upper arm, left wrist, right upper arm, right wrist) had adequate correlation coefficients but were statistically significantly different and highly unpredictable. The median inter-site systolic variability was 10 mmHg (IQR 2 to 10 mmHg). The median inter-site MAP variability was 6mmHg with an interquartile range (IQR) of 3 to 9 mmHg. As expected, the values correlated to show that patients with high BP in one site tended to have high BP in another site. However, the unpredictable inter-site variability is concerning within the clinical setting where oftentimes BP measurement site is not standardized but resulting values are nevertheless used for treatment. There is prominent inter-site variability of BP measured across the 4 most common measurement sites. The variability persists across non-invasive (NIBP) and invasive (IABP) methods of assessment.
Authors
Kathrina B Siaron, Michaela X Cortes, Sonja E Stutzman, Aardhra Venkatachalam, Khalid Mohamed Ahmed, DaiWai M Olson
[link url="https://www.utsouthwestern.edu/newsroom/articles/year-2020/big-variability-in-blood-pressure-readings-between-anatomical-sites.html"]UT Southwestern Medical Centre material[/link]
[link url="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-60414-7"]Scientific Reports abstract[/link]