Professional US football players appear to have a somewhat elevated risk of death, including higher risk of succumbing to cardiac and neuro-degenerative diseases, compared with professional baseball players of similar age, according to research. The findings raise important questions about sport-specific differences in disease development and the mechanisms that drive the elevated risk. Such mechanisms mandate further research, the investigators said.
This particular study was not designed to elucidate the reasons for the elevated risk seen in National Football League (NFL) players, nor was it intended to examine the mechanisms that fuel disease development in these athletes, the investigators caution.
The analysis is the first head-to-head comparison between elite professional athletes of similar ages. The work was conducted by investigators at the Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard Medical School and Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital.
The findings are based on a retrospective analysis of death rates and causes of death in 3,419 NFL (National Football League) and 2,708 MLB (Major League Baseball) players over more than 30 years.
There were 517 deaths among NFL players and 431 deaths among MLB players between 1979 and 2013. The difference translates into a 26% higher mortality among football players compared with baseball players. NFL players had a nearly threefold greater likelihood of dying of neuro-degenerative conditions, compared with MLB players. They also had a nearly 2.5-fold risk of dying from a cardiac cause, the study showed.
There were 498 deaths stemming from cardiovascular causes among the NFL players and 225 such deaths among MLB players. The study identified 39 deaths from neuro-degenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, ALS and Parkinson's in NFL players and 16 such deaths in MLB players. There were 11 suicides among the NFL group and five in the MLB group.
Extrapolating these differences into absolute numbers, the researchers said, the elevated risk would translate into one additional death from a neuro-degenerative disease per 1,000 NFL players by age 55 rising to 11 additional neuro-degenerative deaths by age 75, compared with MLB players. Cardiovascular causes would account for 16 additional deaths per 1,000 NFL players by age 55 and rising to 77 additional deaths by age 75 in NFL players, compared with MLB players.
"Even a single preventable or premature death is one too many, so it is critical for scientists and clinicians to pursue further research into teasing out the reasons behind this increased mortality," said study senior author Marc Weisskopf, the Cecil K and Philip Drinker professor of environmental epidemiology and physiology at the Harvard Chan School. "However, it is important to remember that the actual number of additional deaths from neuro-degenerative diseases among football players remains low."
The number of excess deaths (77) stemming from cardiovascular illness was markedly higher, which may be due to several factors, including higher body-mass index among football players and the sheer prevalence of cardiovascular illness, the researchers said. Indeed, cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the US and worldwide.
The results point to the existence of sport-specific differences in sport-related injuries and athlete conditioning as important contributors to disease development. For example, head trauma, repetitive head injuries and sub-concussive blows in NFL athletes may contribute to the onset of pathologies that eventually lead to certain neurologic conditions, the researchers said. Football players' larger overall size and greater body-mass index, which renders them more susceptible to hypertension and sleep apnoea, can also be contributors, the researchers added.
For their analysis, the researchers used vital statistics obtained from two national databases – the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health for information on NFL players and the Lahman Baseball Database of MLB players, an index combining data on MLB and predecessor leagues no longer in existence. The researchers then cross-referenced death outcomes from these two databases with information obtained from the National Death Index, a federal database that tracks causes of death occurring within the US.
Past research has compared health status and mortality outcomes between professional football players and the general population, but such comparisons are inherently flawed because football players are overall healthier than members of the general population. Past comparisons between NFL players and the general population have showed a lower overall mortality rate among football players but an increased risk for death from neurologic disease.
In a somewhat more meaningful comparison, a recent study analysed death outcomes among NFL players and replacement football players who played during an NFL players' strike. This research found a small but statistically insignificant increase in death rates among NFL players.
A comparison between two groups of professional athletes with similar physical characteristics, levels of conditioning and overall health status can tease out more meaningful differences in risk directly attributable to playing one sport versus the other, the investigators said.
Understanding whether and how certain sport-specific activities may fuel the development of diseases is essential to informing appropriate interventions, the researchers said.
"A life in pro football may have lifelong consequences, particularly in the domains of cardiac and neurologic health," said Dr Ross Zafonte, the Earle P and Ida S Charlton professor and head of the department of physical medicine and rehabilitation at Harvard Medical School.
"Elucidating sports-specific aspects of disease development is critical for our ability to inform best strategies to maintain optimal player health and prevent disease," Zafonte added. "This study illuminates the importance of former players taking an active step in seeking a comprehensive health evaluation from their doctor. They should ensure they are closely monitored for both cardiovascular and neurological issues, some of which may be treatable."
Abstract
Importance: Studies of American-style football players have suggested lower overall mortality rates compared with general populations, but with possibly increased neurodegenerative mortality. However, comparisons with general populations can introduce bias. This study compared mortality between US National Football League (NFL) and US Major League Baseball (MLB) players, a more appropriate comparison group of professional athletes.
Objective: To compare all-cause and cause-specific mortality between NFL and MLB players.
Design, Setting, and Participants: In this retrospective cohort study, the setting was US mortality from January 1, 1979, through December 31, 2013. The dates of analysis were January 2016 to April 2019. Participants were 3419 NFL and 2708 MLB players with at least 5 playing seasons.
Exposures: Participation in the NFL compared with the MLB.
Main Outcomes and Measures: Vital status and causes of death from the National Death Index from 1979 through 2013 were obtained. Cox proportional hazards regression models using age as the timescale were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs to examine all-cause and cause-specific mortality among NFL players compared with MLB players, adjusted for race and decade of birth.
Results: By the end of follow-up, there were 517 deaths (mean [SD] age, 59.6 [13.2] years) in the NFL cohort and 431 deaths (mean [SD] age, 66.7 [12.3] years) in the MLB cohort. Cardiovascular and neurodegenerative conditions, respectively, were noted as underlying or contributing causes in 498 and 39 deaths in the NFL and 225 and 16 deaths in the MLB. Compared with MLB players, NFL players had significantly elevated rates of all-cause (HR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.10-1.44), cardiovascular disease (HR, 2.40; 95% CI, 2.03-2.84), and neurodegenerative disease (HR, 2.99; 95% CI, 1.64-5.45) mortality. Comparing hypothetical populations of 1000 NFL and 1000 MLB players followed up to age 75 years, there would be an excess 21 all-cause deaths among NFL players, as well as 77 and 11 more deaths with underlying or contributing causes that included cardiovascular and neurodegenerative conditions, respectively.
Conclusions and Relevance: This study found that NFL players had elevated all-cause, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative mortality rates compared with MLB players, although the absolute number of excess neurodegenerative deaths was still small. Factors that vary across these sports (eg, body habitus and head trauma) as opposed to those common across sports (eg, physical activity) could underlie the differences.
Authors
Vy T Nguyen, Ross D Zafonte, Jarvis T Chen, Kalé Z Kponee-Shovein, Sabrina Paganoni, Alvaro Pascual-Leone, Frank E Speizer, Aaron L Baggish, Herman A Taylor, Lee M Nadler, Theodore K Courtney, Ann Connor, Marc G Weisskopf
[link url="https://hms.harvard.edu/news/pro-athlete-mortality-gap"]Harvard Medical School material[/link]
[link url="https://amarc.silverchair.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/article-abstract/2734063"]JAMA Network Open abstract[/link]