Among people with a certain type of bleeding stroke, an aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (aSAH), recent marijuana users, or those who had used marijuana within the previous three to 30 days, were more than twice as likely to develop a dangerous complication that can result in death or greater disability, according to research published in Stroke, journal of the American Stroke Association.
The study is the largest to examine the impact of THC or Tetrahydrocannabinol, the psychoactive component (change of a person’s mental state) of marijuana on complications after an aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (a rare but severe form of stroke).
In an aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage, a weakened and bulging part of a blood vessel bursts on the surface of the brain (called a ruptured aneurysm), resulting in bleeding in the space between the brain and the tissue that covers it.
This type of stroke can be devastating, resulting in neurological disability in about 66% of people and death (during the follow up period) in about 40%. The immediate treatment of an aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage focuses on stopping and preventing further bleeding. However, despite treatment, in the 14 days after an aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage, many patients may develop worsening symptoms (such as speech problems or difficulty moving).
This is caused by blood from the initial stroke irritating blood vessels, causing them to constrict enough to cut off the blood supply to a portion of the brain (called a vasospasm), resulting in more brain damage. This complication, called delayed cerebral ischaemia, is a leading cause of death and disability after an aSAH stroke.
“We’re all vulnerable to a bleeding stroke or a ruptured aneurysm, however, if you’re a routine marijuana user, you may be predisposed to a worse outcome from a stroke after the rupture of that aneurysm,” said Dr Michael Lawton, senior author of the study and president and CEO of Barrow Neurological Institute in Phoenix, Arizona.
Researchers analysed data on more than 1,000 patients who had been treated for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage at Barrow Neurological Institute between 1 January 2007 and 31 July 2019. All patients had been treated to stop the bleeding either via 1) open surgery to clip off the base of the aneurysm, or, 2) noninvasively, by threading a slim tube through a blood vessel to the base of the aneurysm and releasing coils that fold to fill in the space and provide a barrier to further bleeding.
Urine toxicology screening was performed on all patients admitted with ruptured aneurysms. The study compared the occurrence of delayed cerebral ischaemia in 46 people (average age of 47 years; 41% female) who tested positive for THC (the component of cannabis, also known as marijuana, that induces a high) and 968 people (average age 56 years, 71% female) who tested negative for THC. A positive urine screen for THC reflects cannabis exposure within three days for a single use to within approximately 30 days for frequent heavy use.
The recent cannabis users did not have significantly larger aneurysms or worse stroke symptoms when admitted to the hospital, and they were not more likely to have high blood pressure or other cardiovascular risk factors than patients who screened negative for THC. However, recent cannabis users were significantly more likely to have also tested positive for other substances, including cocaine, methamphetamines and tobacco, compared with the patients who screened negative for THC.
Among all participants, 36% developed delayed cerebral ischaemia; 50% were left with moderate to severe disability; and 13.5% died.
After adjusting for several patient characteristics as well as recent exposure to other illicit substances, patients who tested positive for THC at last follow up were found to be: 2.7 times more likely to develop delayed cerebral ischaemia; 2.8 times more likely to have long-term moderate to severe physical disability; and 2.2 times more likely to die.
“When people come in with ruptured aneurysms, and they have a history of cannabis use or are positive on a toxicology screen, it should raise a red flag to the treating team that they are at higher risk of vasospasm and ischaemic complication,” Lawton said. “Of all the substances detected in the toxicology screen, only cannabis raised the risk of delayed cerebral ischaemia. Cocaine and meth are hypertensive drugs, so they are likely related to the actual rupture but not expected to have an impact on vasospasm.”
The study does not specifically address how cannabis raises the risk of vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischaemia. Lawton noted: “Cannabis may impair oxygen metabolisation and energy production within cells. When stressed by a ruptured aneurysm, the cells are much more vulnerable to changes that affect the delivery of oxygen and the flow of blood to the brain.”
The study’s limitations include being conducted retrospectively at a single institution and not being a head-to-head analysis of people who use marijuana and those who don’t.
The researchers are currently conducting follow-up in the laboratory to better understand THC-related risks that may impact aneurysm formation and rupture. They also urge further research to study the impact of various doses of THC on stroke complications.
“Evaluating the risks and benefits of marijuana use is more important given its popularity and as more states legalise recreational marijuana use,” Lawton said.
“The current study is not at the level of science of a randomised controlled trial, but it is a rigorous statistical analysis involving more than 1,000 patients, so the results are important and add to what we already know about possible adverse effects of marijuana use,” said Robert Page, chair of the writing group for the American Heart Association’s 2020 cannabis statement and professor in the department of clinical pharmacy and the department of physical medicine/rehabilitation at the University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences in Aurora, Colorado.
Study details
Cannabis Use and Delayed Cerebral Ischemia After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.
Published in Stroke on 5 January 2022
Joshua Catapano, Kavelin Rumalla, Visish Srinivasan, Mohamed Labib, Candice Nguyen, Caleb Rutledge, Redi Rahmani, Jacob Baranoski, Tyler Cole, Ashutosh Jadhav, Andrew Ducruet, Joseph Zabramski, Felipe Albuquerque, Michael Lawton.
Methods
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request and IRB approval. Records were reviewed for all aSAH patients treated at Barrow Neurological Institute from August 1, 2007, to July 31, 2019. This study was approved by the St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center Institutional Review Board, which waived the requirement for patient informed consent for this study.
Primary exposure was cannabis use, detected by routine urine toxicology screening for all patients. All patients were also screened for other vaso-active substances (cocaine, amphetamines, tobacco), which were adjusted for in the propensity analysis. Primary outcome was DCI, defined as “cerebral infarction identified on com-puted tomography or magnetic resonance imaging or proven on autopsy, after exclusion of procedure-related infarctions.”4Baseline characteristics of patients with and without can-nabis use were compared (Table S1). Exposure status was regressed on observed baseline characteristics, including other types of substance use, to compute the propensity score. The propensity score was used for covariate adjustment in binary logistic regression with cannabis exposure as the independent variable and DCI as the dependent variable (outcome).
Results
During the 12-year study period, 1014 patients were hospitalized and treated for aSAH . The rate of DCI was 36.2% (n=367); poor functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale score >2), 50.2% (n=509); and mortality, 13.5% (n=137). Forty-six patients were positive for cannabis, for a positivity rate of 4.5%. The rate of DCI was signifi-cantly higher in patients with a urine drug screen positive for cannabis (52.2% [24/46] versus 35.4% [343/968], P=0.03). Cocaine, methamphetamine, and tobacco use were not associated with DCI (P≥0.29). However, Hunt and Hess and Fisher grades, both well-known predictors of DCI, were significantly associated with DCI (both P<0.001). Radiographic vasospasm was significantly more com-mon in cannabis users than in nonusers (40/45 [88.9%] versus 675/958 [70.5%], P=0.008).
In a subgroup analysis of patients with radiographic vasospasm (n=715), 50.0% (20/40) of cannabis users, and 39.0% (263/675) of nonusers had DCI (P=0.17).In propensity score–adjusted binary logistic regres-sion analysis, cannabis use was independently associ-ated with an increased likelihood of DCI (odds ratio, 2.7 [95% CI, 1.4–5.2], P=0.003;
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