Athletes who turn to ketogenic diets to help their performance in high-intensity, short duration sports may want to think again, according to research from Saint Louis University. In a small study, Dr Edward Weiss, associate professor of nutrition and dietetics at Saint Louis University, together with SLU graduate students Kym Wroble and Morgan Trott, examined the exercise performance of 16 men and women after following either a low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet or a high-carbohydrate diet for four days. His team then tested the anaerobic exercise performance of the participants.
The research team found that after following the ketogenic diet, the participants did not perform as well at the exercise tasks. "In popular discussions, the term 'ketogenic diet' often is used as a broader term for low carb diets, including Atkins," Weiss said. "However, the language is often confused. People often think low carb and high protein. This is related, but different, as protein can only be at normal levels for a true ketogenic diet.
"The objective of a ketogenic diet is to starve the body of carbohydrate. If there is too much protein in the diet, the body will use the protein to make carbohydrates, which defeats the purpose. When the body is sufficiently deprived of carbohydrate, it manufactures ketone bodies as an alternate fuel. It's an emergency backup system that allows us to survive when we are at risk of starvation. But, it has side effects.
"Right now in the general public, it's touted for weight loss. Some studies have shown that it is effective for weight loss. I worry, though, that this may be a lot of smoke and mirrors. A typical diet is 60% carbohydrate. So, if you limit carbs, you might find yourself just not eating that much. If you eliminate most food options, you may just be losing weight because you are cutting calories."
The study has implications both for those who turn to ketogenic diets for weight loss and for athletes who aim to improve their performance.
"The energy metabolism system that's affected is anaerobic. Watching the summer Olympics, the 100 metre sprint and the triple jump depend on this system. You might say that this doesn't relate to me. But for someone with low fitness, they use this same metabolism to get up the stairs. Everyday people use this kind of metabolism without realising it. This study shows that this energy system is compromised by this type of diet."
Weiss has one caveat.
"There are populations that a ketogenic diet may benefit," Weiss said. "For example, patients who have epilepsy benefit from this diet. For those with abnormal cell metabolism that causes seizures, causing cells to feed on ketones instead can be helpful."
The bottom line?
"Short-term low carbohydrate, ketogenic diets reduce exercise performance in activities that are heavily dependent on anaerobic energy systems," Weiss reports. "These findings have clear performance implications for athletes, especially for high-intensity, short duration activities and sports.
"This diet is especially hot among people who are trying to optimise their health. What this study tells me is that unless there are compelling reasons for following a low-carb diet, athletes should be advised to avoid these diets."
Abstract
Background: Low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diets cause mild, sub-clinical systemic acidosis. Anaerobic exercise performance is limited by acidosis. Therefore, we evaluated the hypothesis that a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet impairs anaerobic exercise performance, as compared to a high-carbohydrate diet.
Methods: Sixteen men and women (BMI, 23±1 kg/m2, age 23±1 yr) participated in a randomized-sequence, counterbalanced crossover study in which they underwent exercise testing after four days of either a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet (LC; <50 g/day and <10% of energy from carbohydrates) or a high-carbohydrate diet (HC; 6-10 g/kg/day carbohydrate). Dietary compliance was assessed with nutrient analysis of diet records, and with measures of urine pH and ketones. Anaerobic exercise performance was evaluated with the Wingate anaerobic cycling test and the yo-yo intermittent recovery test.
Results: The diets were matched for total energy (LC: 2333±158 kcal/d; HC: 2280±160 kcal/d; p=0.65) but differed in carbohydrate content (9±1 vs. 63±2% of energy intake; p<0.001). LC resulted in lower urine pH (5.9±0.1 vs. 6.3±0.2, p=0.004) and the appearance of urine ketones in every participant. LC resulted in 7% lower peak power (801±58 vs. 857±61 watts, p=0.008) and 6% lower mean power (564±50 vs. 598±51 watts, p=0.01) during the Wingate test. Total distance ran in the yo-yo intermittent recovery test was 15% less after LC diet (887±139 vs. 1045±145 meters, p=0.02).
Conclusions: Short-term low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diets reduce exercise performance in activities that are heavily dependent on anaerobic energy systems. These findings have clear performance implications for athletes, especially for high-intensity, short duration activities and sports.
Authors
Kymberly A Wroble, Morgan N Trott, George G Schweitzer, Rabia S Rahman, Patrick V Kelly, Edward P Weiss
[link url="https://www.slu.edu/news/2018/may/ketogenic-diets.php"]Saint Louis University material[/link]
[link url="https://www.minervamedica.it/en/journals/sports-med-physical-fitness/article.php?cod=R40Y9999N00A18040408"]Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness abstract[/link]