Spending an hour in talk therapy with a trained counsellor costs much more, and takes more time, than swallowing an inexpensive antidepressant pill. But for people with a new diagnosis of major depression, the costs and benefits of the two approaches end up being equal after five years, a study shows.
The analysis, conducted using real-world data on treatment costs, positive and negative health effects, and impacts of treatment and depression symptoms on productivity, could help guide future care and insurance coverage.
The study by a team of researchers from the University of Michigan and Harvard University suggests that more people newly diagnosed with depression should have a chance to try individual and group sessions of cognitive behavioural therapy, or CBT, as their first treatment, if they would prefer therapy over taking an antidepressant medication.
National physician groups such as the American College of Physicians endorse giving people newly diagnosed with depression the option to choose either approach. But this would mean expanding the capacity of the healthcare system to provide greater access to psychotherapy than is currently available.
However, making CBT more available could save money for the companies and government agencies that pay for depression care – including by giving patients more depression-free time leading to improved performance at work. "One might assume that antidepressants are more cost-effective than psychotherapy, because they don't require travel time, time away from work, and as many contacts with providers as therapy does," says first author Dr Eric L Ross, a psychiatrist at Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, and McLean Hospital. "But when incorporating the long-term effectiveness of each treatment, we found that neither treatment is consistently superior to the other."
"Since CBT and antidepressants are roughly equivalent from a health-economic perspective, other factors should determine what treatment an individual patient receives – and the most important factor is the patient's values and preferences," says Dr Kara Zivin, senior author of the new study and a professor of psychiatry at the University of Michigan Medical School. Zivin is also a member of the VA Centre for Clinical Management Research.
Ross, Zivin and their colleagues built a detailed health economic model of depression treatment, and added data from national clinical trials and sources of cost data. Their results show that after one year, antidepressants do indeed cost much less, even when taking into account the physician visits needed to monitor treatment.
But after factoring in evidence about depression patients' frequent need to try multiple medications before finding one that works for them, and their chance of going off their medications due to side effects and suffering a relapse, the balance of cost-effectiveness became more equivocal.
This new analysis adds to the evidence base about cost-effectiveness of two commonly used depression treatments, and could thus guide treatment decisions, Zivin notes, but more research is needed to get updated results about the long-term effects of the two options pitted head-to-head in a real-world setting.
She also notes that the effects of health policy changes in recent years – requiring parity for mental health care for people covered by large private insurers, for instance, or allowing people in rural areas to receive CBT via video chat with a provider – should be measured too. In the end, though, the shortage of trained mental health providers may do more to govern what kind of treatment patients receive.
"The demand for mental health treatment exceeds the current and projected number of clinicians specialising in psychiatry and related mental health professions," Zivin says. Research indicates that the majority of people with depression would prefer to receive therapy instead of medications, but only one-quarter of them actually receive therapy. The Veterans Health Administration, though, has succeeded in increasing the percentage of veterans receiving CBT in recent years.
"Often we think about these calculations in the short term, because insurance coverage is year to year," Zivin observes. "But if we see effects like these in under five years, perhaps our society will be more willing to bear the upfront costs in order to avoid the indirect costs of missed work and under-productivity later on."
The study was funded by the Department of Veterans Affairs and the National Institute of Mental Health (MH094612)
Abstract
Background: Most guidelines for major depressive disorder recommend initial treatment with either a second-generation antidepressant (SGA) or cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Although most trials suggest that these treatments have similar efficacy, their health economic implications are uncertain.
Objective: To quantify the cost-effectiveness of CBT versus SGA for initial treatment of depression.
Design: Decision analytic model.
Data Sources: Relative effectiveness data from a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials; additional clinical and economic data from other publications.
Target Population: Adults with newly diagnosed major depressive disorder in the United States.
Time Horizon: 1 to 5 years.
Perspectives: Health care sector and societal.
Intervention: Initial treatment with either an SGA or group and individual CBT.
Outcome Measures: Costs in 2014 U.S. dollars, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios.
Results of Base-Case Analysis: In model projections, CBT produced higher QALYs (3 days more at 1 year and 20 days more at 5 years) with higher costs at 1 year (health care sector, $900; societal, $1500) but lower costs at 5 years (health care sector, −$1800; societal, −$2500).
Results of Sensitivity Analysis: In probabilistic sensitivity analyses, SGA had a 64% to 77% likelihood of having an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $100 000 or less per QALY at 1 year; CBT had a 73% to 77% likelihood at 5 years. Uncertainty in the relative risk for relapse of depression contributed the most to overall uncertainty in the optimal treatment.
Limitation: Long-term trials comparing CBT and SGA are lacking.
Conclusion: Neither SGAs nor CBT provides consistently superior cost-effectiveness relative to the other. Given many patients' preference for psychotherapy over pharmacotherapy, increasing patient access to CBT may be warranted.
Primary Funding Source: Department of Veterans Affairs, National Institute of Mental Health
Authors
Eric L Ross, Sandeep Vijan, Erin M Miller, Marcia Valenstein, Kara Zivin
[link url="https://labblog.uofmhealth.org/rounds/long-run-drugs-talk-therapy-hold-same-value-for-depression-patients"]University of Michigan – Michigan Health[/link]
[link url="https://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/2753801/cost-effectiveness-cognitive-behavioral-therapy-versus-second-generation-antidepressants-initial"]Annals of Internal Medicine abstract[/link]