Obesity and excess body fat may have contributed to more deaths in England and Scotland than smoking since 2014, according to University of Glasgow research published in the open access journal BMC Public Health.
Between 2003 and 2017 the percentage of deaths attributable to smoking are calculated to have decreased from 23.1% to 19.4% while deaths attributable to obesity and excess body fat are calculated to have increased from 17.9% to 23.1%.
The authors estimate that deaths attributable to obesity and excess body fat overtook those attributable to smoking in 2014, according to BMC material published on 11 February.
Professor Jill Pell of the University of Glasgow, the corresponding author said: “For several decades smoking has been a major target of public health interventions as it is a leading cause of avoidable deaths. As a result, the prevalence of smoking has fallen in the United Kingdom.
“At the same time the prevalence of obesity has increased. Our research indicates that, since 2014, obesity and excess body fat may have contributed to more deaths in England and Scotland than smoking.”
To examine changes in the prevalence of smoking, obesity and excess body fat in adults, the authors analysed data collected between 2003 and 2017 as part of the Health Surveys for England, and Scottish Health Surveys, on 192,239 adults across England and Scotland, who were 50 years old on average.
Participants reported whether they had ever regularly smoked and their height and weight were measured by trained interviewers or nurses. The researchers combined their data with estimates of the risk of dying from smoking (17 studies) or obesity and excess body fat (198 studies), to calculate the number of deaths that could be attributed to smoking and obesity and excess body fat.
The authors found that while obesity and excess body fat likely accounted for more deaths than smoking since 2006 among older adults, smoking is still likely to contribute to more deaths than obesity and excess body fat among younger adults.
The authors suggest that among those aged 65 and over and 45 to 64 respectively, obesity and excess body fat contributed to 3.5% and 3.4% more estimated deaths than smoking in 2017, while smoking accounted for 2.4% more estimated deaths than obesity and excess body fat among those aged 16 to 44.
The analysis also suggests that gender influenced the contributions of smoking, obesity and excess body fat to estimated deaths. Obesity and excess body fat may have accounted for 5.2% more deaths in 2017 than smoking in men, compared to 2.2% more deaths in women.
Estimated deaths due to obesity and excess body fat are thought to have increased by 25.9% for women and 31% for men between 2003 and 2017, while deaths to due smoking are thought to have decreased by 18.1% for women and 14.9% for men.
Jill Pell said: “The increase in estimated deaths due to obesity and excess body fat is likely to be due to their contributions to cancer and cardiovascular disease.
“Our findings suggest that the public health and policy interventions aimed at reducing the prevalence of smoking have been successful and that national strategies to address obesity and excess body fat, particularly focusing on middle-aged and older age groups and men, should be a public health priority.”
The authors caution that the number of deaths attributed to smoking, obesity and excess body fat in this study are estimates only and that factors influencing these deaths require further investigation.
Future research could investigate the possible contributions of vaping, e-cigarette use and passive smoking and whether the proportion of deaths due to obesity and excess body fat differs by ethnicity.
Study details
Changes over 15 years in the contribution of adiposity and smoking to deaths in England and Scotland
Frederick K Ho, Carlos Celis-Morales, Fanny Petermann-Rocha, Solange Liliana Parra-Soto,
James Lewsey, Daniel Mackay and Jill P Pell
Published in BMC Public Health, Volume 21, on 11 February 2021
Abstract
Background
For many years smoking has been the major threat to public health in developed countries. However, smoking prevalence has declined over a period when adiposity has increased. The aim of this study was to determine whether adiposity now accounts for more deaths than smoking in the general population as a whole or sub-groups of it.
Methods
This is a comparative risk assessment study using Health Surveys for England and Scottish Health Surveys from 2003 to 2017.
Annual prevalence of overweight, obesity, current and former smoking were obtained and combined using population-based weights. Sex-specific risk ratios for all-cause mortality were obtained from the most recently published meta-analyses. Population attributable fractions across yeas were then estimated.
Findings
Overall, deaths attributable to current/former smoking declined from 23.1% (95% CI 20.6–25.8%) in 2003 to 19.4% (95% CI 17.3–21.6%) in 2017, whilst those attributable to adiposity (overweight or obesity) increased from 17.9% (95% CI 17.3–18.4%) in 2003 to 23.1% (95% CI 22.3–23.8%) in 2017 with cross-over occurring in 2013.
Cross-over occurred earlier in men (2011) than women (2014). It occurred in 2006 for those aged over 65 years of age and in 2012 for those aged 45–64 years. Below 45 years, smoking remained the larger contributor to mortality.
Interpretation
Adiposity now accounts for more deaths in England and Scotland than smoking among people in middle- and old-age. National strategies to address adiposity should be a public health priority.
[link url="https://www.biomedcentral.com/about/press-centre/science-press-releases/11-02-21"]BMC material – More deaths in England and Scotland may be attributable to obesity and excess body fat than smoking (Open access)[/link]
[link url="https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-021-10167-3"]BMC Public Health article – Changes over 15 years in the contribution of adiposity and smoking to deaths in England and Scotland (Open access)[/link]
SEE ALSO FROM MEDICALBRIEF’S ARCHIVE
[link url="https://www.medicalbrief.co.za/archives/canadas-pioneering-guidelines-on-adult-obesity/"]Canada’s ‘pioneering’ guidelines on adult obesity[/link]
[link url="https://www.medicalbrief.co.za/archives/older-age-no-barrier-to-lifestyle-management-of-obesity/"]Older age no barrier to lifestyle management of obesity[/link]
[link url="https://www.medicalbrief.co.za/archives/to-deliver-health-benefits-vaping-must-replace-smoking-american-heart-association/"]To deliver health benefits, vaping must replace smoking – American Heart Association[/link]
[link url="https://www.medicalbrief.co.za/archives/obesity-increases-type-2-diabetes-risk-six-fold-regardless-of-genetics/"]Obesity increases type 2 diabetes risk six-fold, regardless of genetics[/link]
[link url="https://www.medicalbrief.co.za/archives/sas-obesity-epidemic-puts-a-strain-on-stretched-health-budget-world-obesity-fund-report/"]SA’s obesity epidemic puts a strain on stretched health budget — World Obesity Fund report[/link]