Recent research, drawing from more than 35 000 studies over the past decade, has linked air pollution to reduced sperm count and damaged foetal growth, among a range of other conditions, with the scientists saying that particulate matter (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) are particularly harmful – both of which come from vehicle exhausts.
The review, by a team from Imperial College London’s Environmental Research Group, has detailed the numerous ways air pollution causes harm, from pre-birth to old age, reports The Independent.
They said there was no evidence to identify a threshold where PM2.5 does no harm and even people living in the least polluted suburbs of London, for instance, are still being affected.
“While headline figures on the health impact of air pollution focus on the equivalent number of premature deaths, the wider impacts are hiding in plain sight in the contribution of air pollution to the burden of chronic diseases.
“These affect our quality of life and have a large cost to society through additional health and social care costs, as well our ability to learn, work and contribute to society.”
During pregnancy, air pollution harms foetal development and can cause low birth weight, miscarriages and a low sperm count in men, they wrote.
In children, it can stunt lung growth, cause asthma and affect blood pressure, cognitive abilities and mental health.
In adulthood, it makes early death more likely through multiple chronic illnesses, cancer and strokes.
“Perhaps the most important new finding is evidence related to both the impact of air pollution on brain health, including mental health and dementia, and early life impacts that could lead to future health burdens within the population,” the authors said.
“Both represent significant, but currently unquantified costs to society and the economy.”
Ella Adoo-Kissi-Debrah was the first person to have air pollution listed as a cause of death for an individual person in the UK. She died in 2013 at the age of nine after an asthma attack brought on by inhaling traffic fumes.
Public Health England estimated that up to 43 000 people a year are dying in Britain from air pollution and that it could cost the country as much as £18.6bn by 2035 unless action is taken.
The work was commissioned by the Greater London Authority and drew heavily on findings from the WHO, the UK Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollution, the Royal College of Physicians, the Health Effects Institute, and the International Agency for Research on Cancer.
Imperial College London Projects - impacts of air pollution across the life course – evidence highlight note
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