Specially prescribed medications aimed at boosting cognition in neurodevelopmental disorders like ADHD don’t increase overall cognitive performance in healthy individuals – in fact, they may even reduce productivity, an Australian study has found.
In a randomised controlled trial, 40 healthy adults were given the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) treatments methylphenidate or dexamphetamine or the wakefulness-promoting drug modafinil vs placebo.
While receiving the so-called “smart drugs”, reports Medscape, participants spent more time and made more moves more quickly while solving each problem on a complex cognitive task than when given the placebo. But with no significant improvement in overall performance, all drugs were associated with a significant reduction in efficiency.
The findings “reinforce the idea that, while the drugs administered were motivational, the resulting increase in effort came at a cost in the loss of productivity”, said study presenter Dr David Coghill, PhD, chair of developmental mental health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
This was especially true for individuals who scored high when receiving placebo, “who ended up producing below average productivity when on the drugs”, he noted.
“Overall, these drugs don’t increase the performance. Instead, they cause a regression to the mean, and appear to have a more negative effect on those who performed best at baseline,” he added.
Coghill presented the findings at the 35th European College of Neuropsychopharmacology (ECNP) Congress in Vienna on 16 October.
He noted that prescription-only stimulant drugs are increasingly used by employees and students as “smart drugs” to enhance workplace or academic productivity.
He conducted the study with colleagues from the Department of Economics at his institution because of “their interest in people using cognitive enhancers within the financial industry, in the hope that that would increase their productivity in what is a very competitive industry on the floor of the trading rooms”.
However, while “there’ a subjective belief” that the medication is effective as a cognitive enhancer, the evidence to actually demonstrate that in healthy individuals “is, at best, ambiguous”, he told meeting attendees.
Improvements in cognitive capacities, such as working memory and improved planning, are most evident in clinical populations such as those with ADHD, which could be due to a “ceiling effect” of the cognitive tasks in healthy individuals.
To investigate further, the researchers conducted a randomised, double-blinded trial of standard adult doses of methylphenidate (30mg), dexamphetamine (15mg), and modafinil (200mg) vs placebo. The healthy participants (n = 40), all of whom were aged 18 to 35, crossed to each of the other treatment groups over the course of four intervention sessions.
All were asked to solve eight instances of the knapsack task, the aim of which is to place theoretical objects in a knapsack to achieve the maximum value within a certain weight limit.
“This looks very simple but as the number of items increases, it becomes incredibly complex to compute, and actually is not computable using standard approaches. You have to deal with trial and error,” Coghill said.
The participants also completed several CANTAB cognitive tasks.
‘Surprising findings’
Results showed that, overall, the drugs did not have a significant effect on task performance (slope = –0.16; P = .011).
Moreover, the drugs, both individually and collectively, had a significant negative effect on the value attained during any one attempt at the knapsack task (slope = –0.003; P = .02), an effect that extended across the whole range of task complexity, Coghill reported.
“Participants actually looked as if they were working harder when they took the three active drugs than when they were given a placebo.” They also spent more time solving each problem, he added.
When taking the active drugs, participants also made more moves during each task than when taking placebo, and made their moves more quickly.
“So these medications increased motivation,” Coghill said. “If you were sitting (and) watching this person, you would think that they were working harder.”
Yet their productivity, defined as the average gain in value per move on the knapsack task, was lower. Regression analysis identified a “significant and sizeable drop in productivity” vs placebo, he noted.
This was the case for methylphenidate (P < .001), dexamphetamine (P < .001), and modafinil (P < .05), whether you looked at the mean or median performance, he said.
“Breaking it down a little bit more, when you looked at the individual participant level, you find substantial heterogeneity across participants. More than that, we found a significant negative correlation between productivity under methylphenidate compared to productivity under placebo, and this suggests a regression to the mean, with participants who performed better under placebo performing worse with methylphenidate,” he explained.
While the relationship was exactly the same with modafinil, it was not found with dexamphetamine, with a strong negative correlation between the productivity effects between dexamphetamine and methylphenidate (slope = –0.29; P < .0001).
“This is surprising because we assume that methylphenidate and dexamphetamine are working in very similar ways,” he said.
Time to rethink, rewind?
Commenting for Medscape Medical News, session chair John Cryan, PhD, Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland, said based on the current data, “we might need to rethink (how) ‘smart’ psychopharmacological agents are”.
Cryan, who is also chair of the ECNP Scientific Programme Committee, added that there might also be a need to revisit the difficulty of different types of cognitive tasks used in studies assessing the abilities of cognitive enhancing drugs and to “rewind conventional wisdom” around them.
Study details
Not so smart? ‘Smart drugs’ increase the level but decrease the efficacy of cognitive effort
David Coghill
Presented at the 35th European College of Neuropsychopharmacology (ECNP) Congress in Vienna on 16 October 2022
Abstract
Dopaminergic systems in decision-making have been of increasing research interest. Medications that target these systems are used to treat ADHD but are sometimes diverted to non-medical uses by healthy people hoping to enhance cognitive performance. However, research to date reveals mixed cognitive effects of those medications in the healthy, and little research into performance of complex tasks has been undertaken. We completed a repeated-measures, double-blinded, placebo-controlled single dose trial to examine three indirect dopamine agonists in complex problem-solving performance of healthy adults. 40 participants received 15mg dexamfetamine, 30mg methylphenidate, 200mg modafinil, or placebo, counterbalanced across 4 testing sessions at least one week apart.
In each session, participants completed the Knapsack Task (a NP-hard combinatorial optimisation task), and severalo tasks from the CANTAB battery. In general, participants explored the solution space more actively, and initially more randomly, in the drug conditions. Participants who performed least well under placebo were then more likely to improve their performance in the drug conditions, whereas those who had performed well with placebo were more likely to show a decrease in performance.
Our findings reinforce the idea that while these drugs are motivational, the resulting increase in effort comes at the cost of a significant loss in productivity. Overall, the drugs do not increase performance, instead cause regression to the mean.
Medscape article – Cognition-Boosting ‘Smart Drugs’ Not So Smart for Healthy People (Open access)
See more from MedicalBrief archives:
White children likely to be over-diagnosed, over-treated for ADHD – US study
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Benefits of long-term use of ADHD medications questioned