South Africa’s recently awarded antiretroviral (ARV) tender, worth around R14bn over three years, is probably the biggest change since the single once daily tablet for HIV was introduced and, remarkably, SA will be getting the best drug combination in the world for a fraction of the price people are paying in Europe and the US.
The move heralds the introduction of a much-anticipated new medicine called dolutegravir into the public healthcare system from July 2019. Marcus Low writes in a Spotlight report that for a cutting-edge HIV drug to reach the public sector so quickly, and at such a low price, is unprecedented.
Low writes that dolutegravir is in a relatively new class of antiretrovirals called integrase inhibitors. He says there is much excitement about dolutegravir given that it suppresses HIV very quickly and effectively, has few side effects, and HIV does not easily become resistant to it. It is set to replace efavirenz in the standard first-line treatment combination given to people living with HIV in the public sector in South Africa.
Low writes that there will however still be efavirenz in the system for TB patients, for the very small number of people who cannot tolerate dolutegravir, and for women who want to have a baby – given that dolutegravir’s safety during pregnancy is still under review. Dolutegravir was first registered by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2013.
Low writes that the part of the new tender for the three-drug combination containing dolutegravir, lamivudine and tenofovir was split relatively equally between eight different companies. The lowest price for the drug combination was R75.13 per person per month from Macleods Pharmaceuticals SA and the highest was R98.61 from Adcock Ingram Healthcare. He says: “According to our calculations, the average price is R86.54 per person per month. Of the eight versions of the new three-drug combination available in the private sector in South Africa, the cheapest is priced at R616 per month – more than seven times the average public sector price.”
“The price of the old efavirenz-based combination has also come down substantially in the new tender, with the lowest being R85.10 from Mylan and the highest being R97.51 from Cipla Medpro SA. We calculated the average price for this combination at around R91.50 – R5 (or around 6%) more than the average price for the dolutegravir-based combination. It seems the low prices of the dolutegravir-based combination exerted downward pressure on the price of the efavirenz-based combination – which used to be priced over R100.”
Low writes that for a cutting-edge new HIV drug such as dolutegravir to be priced this low, is very unusual, if not unprecedented. Raltegravir, a drug from the same class as dolutegravir and launched a few years earlier, is still priced at around R1,200 in the private sector and R537 on the new public sector tender for a month’s supply (without the two companion drugs).
Low writes: “Dolutegravir did not follow the normal trajectory we associate with new drugs. While the pharmaceutical company ViiV Healthcare owned the patent, they did not insist on being the only producer of dolutegravir on the market. In April 2014, through the Geneva-based Medicines Patent Pool (MPP), they negotiated an agreement that allowed multiple generic companies to produce and market the medicine in exchange for royalties. This agreement is called a voluntary license, since ViiV voluntarily agreed to it, as opposed to a compulsory license, where a company is forced by government, or by a court, to license generic companies.
“ViiV’s decision to voluntarily license dolutegravir to the MPP was something of a sliding doors moment. Had ViiV instead chosen to hold on to their market exclusivity, a years-long battle would likely have followed with activists trying to negotiate better prices or urging their governments to make use of compulsory licenses to force the price down. Had we gone down that route, chances are ViiV would still be the sole provider of dolutegravir (the main patent only expires in 2026), and the price would still be far beyond the South African government’s ability to pay for it at scale, as still is the case with raltegravir.
“Voluntary licenses like the Viiv-MPP license typically exclude wealthy countries such as the US, since that is where ViiV makes most of their money. The original license however also excluded less wealthy countries such as Morocco and Ukraine – something for which both entities were criticised.”
Low writes that either way, the MPP license provided for generic competition to start very early on, thereby setting the stage for much lower prices.
But, he says, it wasn’t just competition though that brought down the price. In September 2017 the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the Clinton Health Access Initiative together with a long list of allies including the South African government, negotiated an agreement with generic manufacturers Mylan and Aurobindo that they will produce the dolutegravir-based three-drug combination at under $75 per person per year (around R86.50 per person per month at time of writing). Low says that having these two large companies committed to this price meant that other generic manufacturers would have to price at least similarly if they wanted to compete – he says it seems likely that this agreement accelerated price reductions that may otherwise. have only occurred later on. The fact that the average price in the new tender is very close to the Gates ceiling price suggests that the agreement had the intended impact.
At current exchange rates Aurobindo’s R87.28 per person per month tender price works out to $75.41 per year – just over the $75 ceiling, although this is likely the result of currency fluctuations rather than Aurobindo breeching the agreement. At R78.78 per month ($68.13 per year), Low says that Mylan’s South African tender price came in well below the ceiling price set in the Gates agreement.
Low writes that apart from the MPP license, the Gates agreement, and various generic manufacturers coming on board, a number of other things had to go right for dolutegravir to come to the public sector in South Africa. He says the South African Health Products Regulatory Authority (the body that last year replaced the old Medicines Control Council) was surprisingly quick to approve generic drug combinations containing dolutegravir. While SAHPRA has well-publicised backlogs, and money is set aside in the budget specifically for dealing with these backlogs, the fact that there are now eight dolutegravir-based combination products on the market in South Africa indicates that the institution has at least done a reasonable job in registering these high priority medicines. The first dolutegravir, lamivudine, tenofovir generic to be approved by the US Food and Drug Administration was approved in 2017, less than two years ago.
Low writes that the push to fast-track the registration of these medicines hints at another easily over-looked part of the story of dolutegravir in South Africa. Since Dr Aaron Motsoaledi became Minister of Health, South Africa has generally been very fast to update HIV and tuberculosis treatment guidelines and introduce new medicines in response to new evidence. This, combined with government’s knack for negotiating reasonable HIV and TB medicines prices, has meant that people living with HIV or TB in South Africa have generally had access to the same, or better, treatments than those available to people in much wealthier countries.
He writes that when you stop to think about it, it is an incredible reversal from the peak of state-sponsored Aids denialism at the beginning of the century.
Study abstract on the different pricing for ARVs.
Objectives: Differences in marketed prices of antiretrovirals raises questions about the fairness of pricing medicines of significant public health importance such as dolutegravir (DTG). In view of the reduced prices of generically available efavirenz (EFV), there is a need to determine if previous conclusions on DTG's cost-effectiveness need to be re-assessed
Methods: Lowest list prices of DTG were extracted from national drug price or reimbursement databases for 52 countries. Price was recorded as US$ per person-year (ppy). We compared the price of DTG to minimum costs of production and reduced prices of EFV, as well as assessed the correlation with gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and HIV epidemic size in three income classification groups (‘high’, ‘upper middle-income’, ‘lower middle or low-income’).
Results: Annual prices of DTG ranged from $27 per person-year in Georgia to $20,130 in the USA. Within each income group, there was no observable relationship between DTG prices, GDP per capita and HIV epidemic size. Median price in countries excluded from voluntary licensing agreements ($8718) was >140 times higher than countries included ($60). Price of DTG was >500% higher than EFV in many countries. Three full economic evaluations from high-income settings that compared DTG against EFV all used branded drug prices of EFV-based regimens as cost inputs to evaluate DTG's cost-effectiveness.
Conclusions: This study highlights the wide disparity in prices of DTG across countries, even when segregated by similar income levels. The cost-effectiveness of DTG versus EFV should be re-evaluated now that low-cost generic EFV has become widely available.
Authors
Joel Sim, Andrew Hill
[link url="https://www.spotlightnsp.co.za/2019/02/26/analysis-how-a-cutting-edge-medicine-made-it-to-sas-new-arv-tender/"]Spotlight report[/link]
[link url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6248837/"]Journal of Virus Eradication abstract[/link]