Although average global smoking rates have fallen over the past 12 years, some countries have seen an increase in the habit, mainly in Africa, which has been flagged as the future epicentre of the tobacco epidemic.
The proportion of people aged 15 or older who smoke declined from 22.6% in 2007 to 19.6% in 2019, but tobacco use still poses a major health, economic and social burden worldwide.
Writing in The Conversation, Sam Filby, Research officer, Research on the Economics of Excisable Products, University of Cape Town, says the latest Tobacco Atlas shows that, globally, 1.13bn people were smokers in 2019. And 8.67m deaths were attributable to tobacco smoking.
The Tobacco Atlas – a partnership between Vital Strategies and Tobacconomics at the University of Illinois Chicago – is a free online resource examining the nature and magnitude of the tobacco epidemic.
Tobacco use also presents a sizeable economic burden. This includes the cost of treating tobacco-related diseases like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and ischaemic heart disease, as well as the productivity losses from premature illness and death. Globally, the total economic cost of smoking amounts to more than US$ 1.4 trillion a year, equal to about 1.8% of the world’s annual gross domestic product (GDP).
Africa currently has the lowest smoking prevalence rates in the world. But the number of smokers on the continent is projected to increase: the region has been flagged as the future epicentre of the tobacco epidemic because of rapid population growth, and intensive marketing efforts by the tobacco industry.
Because of the delay between smoking and the onset of illness and death, this means that the number of African people who will die annually from tobacco-related diseases is likely to increase. The costs of treating smoking-related diseases will correspondingly become an increasingly significant economic burden in these countries.
It is, however, possible to avert this. Key steps include introducing strong prevention policies.
Curbing tobacco use
Tobacco kills half of its long-term users. Hence, the tobacco industry’s survival depends on getting young people addicted to tobacco products. Traditional advertising and promotion of tobacco products has been banned in most African countries. But the tobacco industry has developed novel ways of keeping its products in the public eye.
In Zimbabwe, for example, China Tobacco set up the China Tobacco Ma Bo Hope Primary School in 2019. In this way, the industry is using corporate social responsibility to gain legitimacy, build public trust, and further its business interests. From building schools to funding scholarships, tobacco companies use these publicised acts of goodwill to gain influence with governments and mute lifesaving tobacco control policies.
One way for governments to fight back is through the use of counter-advertising campaigns that educate young people about the tactics used by the industry to target them. This can be done through mass marketing campaigns on the harms of tobacco use and through plain packaging and graphic health warnings on tobacco packs.
These tools are under-used in Africa. Between 2018 and 2020, only 15 African countries ran at least one mass media campaign about the harms of tobacco use. And not one of them has laws mandating plain packaging.
Taxation is another line of attack. Research shows tobacco taxation is effective in reducing smoking, especially among young people.
This is particularly true for young people in low to middle income countries. Global-level studies show that young people in these countries are more responsive to cigarette price changes than their counterparts in high-income countries.
The policy implication for African countries is that excise taxes should be increased to reduce smoking among young people. But, as, the Tobacco Atlas highlights, African countries have the weakest tobacco excise tax policies in the world.
Exercising control
Tobacco control policy can be used in two ways:
• to discourage people from starting to smoke; and
• to help smokers quit or reduce their tobacco consumption.
The recommended policies for both prevention and cessation strategies are similar (increasing tobacco taxes). But their cost-effectiveness is different.
The most important benefit of prevention is that costs of smoking are avoided altogether, and better health is good for economic performance immediately. The benefits of cessation are essentially the reduction in costs attached to current and future tobacco use.
African governments need to see this distinction. Policy makers in the region don’t appear to appreciate the opportunity they have to save their populations and economies from the negative consequences of tobacco use. The time to act is now.
See more from MedicalBrief archives:
South Africa and Kenya ‘regressing’ on smoking reduction via excise taxes
Nigeria’s anti-tobacco law remains ungazetted after 7 years
Tobacco harm reduction in Africa – Has the revolution started?
Tobacco use declines globally, strategies for cessation – WHO tobacco report