People who start adulthood with a body mass index (BMI) in the normal range and move later in life to being overweight – but never obese – tend to live the longest, a two-generational study suggests. Adults in this category lived longer than even those whose BMI stayed in the normal range throughout their life. Those who started adulthood as obese and continued to add weight had the highest mortality rate.
"The impact of weight gain on mortality is complex. It depends on both the timing and the magnitude of weight gain and where BMI started," said Hui Zheng, lead author of the study and associate professor of sociology at The Ohio State University.
"The main message is that for those who start at a normal weight in early adulthood, gaining a modest amount of weight throughout life and entering the overweight category in later adulthood can actually increase the probability of survival."
Similar results were found in two generations of mostly white participants in the Framingham Heart Study, which followed the medical histories of residents of one city in Massachusetts and their children for decades.
But the study showed worrying trends for the younger generation, who are becoming overweight and obese sooner in their lives than their parents did and are more likely to have deaths linked to increasing obesity.
The researchers used data on 4,576 people in the original cohort of the Framingham Heart Study, and 3,753 of their children. The heart study started in 1948 and followed participants through 2010. Their children were followed from 1971 to 2014.
The members of the original cohort had almost all died by the end of the study, so the results can uncover how BMI evolves over all of adulthood and provide a more accurate estimate than previous studies of how obesity is linked to mortality, Zheng said.
In both generations, the researchers looked at data from those aged 31 to 80. The main measure was BMI, which is based on a person's height and weight and is used as a rule of thumb to categorize a person as underweight, normal weight, overweight or obese.
After analysing data on how the participants' BMI changed over the years, the researchers found that the older generation generally followed one of seven BMI trajectories throughout their lives.
The younger generation had six trajectories – there were not enough people who lost weight through their lives to have a downward weight trajectory as was present in their parents' generation.
After controlling for a variety of factors that have been found to influence mortality, including smoking, gender, education, marital status and disease, the researchers calculated how each BMI trajectory was related to mortality rates.
In both generations, those who started at normal weight and moved to being overweight later in life – but ever obese – were the most likely to survive. Those who stayed at normal weight throughout life were the next most likely to survive, followed by those who were overweight but stayed stable and then those who were at the lower level of normal weight. In the older generation, those who were overweight and lost weight came next.
The least likely to survive were two trajectories involving those who started as obese and continued to gain weight.
While both generations showed the same basic results, the researchers discovered some worrying trends in the younger cohort.
"The higher BMI trajectories in the younger generation tend to shift upward at earlier ages relative to their parents," Zheng said.
Moreover, the proportion of the sample in higher BMI trajectories systematically increased from the parental generation to their children.
Medical advances mean that people are more likely to survive with obesity now than in the past, Zheng said. But there's a problem for the younger generation in the study.
"Even though the mortality risks associated with obesity trajectories have decreased across the generations, their contributions to population deaths increased from 5.4% in the original cohort to 6.4% in the offspring cohort," Zheng said.
"That's because more people are in the obesity trajectories in the offspring cohort."
This study supports and extends findings from a 2013 study by Zheng and colleagues that found people who were slightly overweight in their 50s but kept their weight relatively stable were the most likely to survive over the next 19 years.
"Now, with this study, we know more about weight trends earlier in life and how they are related to mortality," Zheng said.
The research was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health.
Study details
Life-long Body Mass Index Trajectories and Mortality in Two Generations
Hui Zheng, Paola Echave, Neil Mehta, Mikko Myrskyla
Published in Annals of Epidemiology on 22 January 2021
Abstract
Purpose
To identify life-long body mass index (BMI) trajectories across two related generations and estimate their associated mortality risks and population attributable deaths.
Methods
We use prospective cohort data from the Framingham Heart Study (1948-2011) original (4576 individuals, 3913 deaths) and offspring (3753 individuals, 967 deaths) cohorts and latent trajectory models to model BMI trajectories from age 31 to 80 years. Survival models are used to estimate trajectory-specific mortality risk.
Results
We define seven BMI trajectories among original cohort and six among offspring cohort. Among original cohort, people who are normal weight at age 31 years and gradually move to overweight status in middle or later adulthood have the lowest mortality risk even compared to those who maintain normal weight throughout adulthood, followed by overweight stable, lower level of normal weight, overweight downward, class I obese upward, and class II/III upward trajectories. Mortality risks associated with obesity trajectories have declined across cohorts, while the prevalence of high-risk trajectories has increased.
Conclusions
The mortality impact of weight gain depends on an individual's BMI trajectory. Population attributable deaths associated with unhealthy weight trajectories have grown over generations because the prevalence has increased, offsetting the decline in trajectory-specific mortality risks.
[link url="https://news.osu.edu/survival-tip-start-at-normal-weight-and-slowly-add-pounds/"]Ohio State University material[/link]
[link url="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1047279721000090?via%3Dihub"]Annals of Epidemiology study (Restricted access)[/link]