A cognitively active lifestyle — reading, writing letters and playing card games or puzzles — in old age (80+) may delay the onset of Alzheimer’s dementia by as much as five years, according to a study in Neurology.
Keeping your brain active in old age has always been a smart idea, but a study suggests that reading, writing letters and playing card games or puzzles in later life may delay the onset of Alzheimer’s dementia by up to five years, reports MedicalBrief.
“The good news is that it’s never too late to start doing the kinds of inexpensive, accessible activities we looked at in our study,” said study author Robert S. Wilson, PhD, of Rush University Medical Center in Chicago. “Our findings suggest it may be beneficial to start doing these things, even in your 80s, to delay the onset of Alzheimer’s dementia.”
The study, which was published in Neurology, the medical journal of the American Academy of Neurology, looked at 1,978 people with an average age of 80 who did not have dementia at the start of the study. They were followed for an average of seven years. To determine if they had developed dementia, participants were given annual examinations, which included a number of cognitive tests. When the study began, people rated their participation in seven activities on a five-point scale.
The questions included: “During the past year, how often did you read books?” and “During the past year, how often did you play games like checkers, board games, cards or puzzles? Participants also answered questions about cognitive activity in childhood, adulthood and middle age.
Researchers then averaged each person’s responses, with a score of one meaning once a year or less and score of five meaning every day or almost every day. People in the group with high cognitive activity scored an average of 4.0, which meant activities several times per week, compared with an average score of 2.1 for those with low cognitive activity, which meant activities several times per year.
During the study follow-up period, 457 people with an average age of 89 were diagnosed with Alzheimer’s dementia. People with the highest levels of activity, on average, developed dementia at age 94. The people with the lowest cognitive activity, on average, developed dementia at age 89, a difference of five years. The results were similar when researchers adjusted for other factors that could affect dementia risk, such as education level and sex.
To test the idea that low cognitive activity may be an early sign of dementia, not the other way around, researchers also looked at the brains of 695 people who died during the study. Brain tissue was examined for markers of Alzheimer’s like amyloid and tau protein deposits, but researchers found no association between how active they were cognitively and markers of Alzheimer’s disease and related disorders in their brains.
“Our study shows that people who engage in more cognitively stimulating activities may be delaying the age at which they develop dementia,” Wilson said. “It is important to note, after we accounted for late life level of cognitive activity, neither education nor early life cognitive activity were associated with the age at which a person developed Alzheimer’s dementia. Our research suggests that the link between cognitive activity and the age at which a person developed dementia is mainly driven by the activities you do later in life.”
A limitation of the study is that it was based on a group of mainly white people who had high levels of education. Further research will be needed to determine if the findings apply to the general population.
Study details
Cognitive Activity and Onset Age of Incident Alzheimer Disease Dementia
Robert S. Wilson, Tianhao Wang, Lei Yu, Francine Grodstein, David A. Bennett, Patricia A. Boyle
Published in online issue of Neurology®, medical journal of the American Academy of Neurology on 14 July 2021
Abstract
Objective
To test the hypothesis that higher level of cognitive activity predicts older age of dementia onset in Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia.
Methods
As part of a longitudinal cohort study, 1,903 older persons without dementia at enrolment reported their frequency of participation in cognitively stimulating activities. They had annual clinical evaluations to diagnose dementia and AD, and the deceased underwent neuropathologic examination. In analyses, we assessed the relation of baseline cognitive activity to age at diagnosis of incident AD dementia and to postmortem markers of AD and other dementias.
Results
During a mean of 6.8 years of follow-up, 457 individuals were diagnosed with incident AD at a mean age of 88.6 (SD = 6.4; range: 64.1-106.5). In an extended accelerated failure time model, higher level of baseline cognitive activity (mean 3.2, SD = 0.7) was associated with older age of AD dementia onset (estimate = 0.026; 95% confidence interval: 0.013. 0.039). Low cognitive activity (score = 2.1, 10th percentile) was associated with a mean onset age of 88.6 compared to a mean onset age of 93.6 associated with high cognitive activity (score = 4.0, 90th percentile). Results were comparable in subsequent analyses that adjusted for potentially confounding factors. In 695 participants who died and underwent a neuropathologic examination, cognitive activity was unrelated to postmortem markers of AD and other dementias.
Conclusion
A cognitively active lifestyle in old age may delay the onset of dementia in AD by as much as five years.
Full study – Cognitive Activity and Onset Age of Incident Alzheimer Disease Dementia (Open access)
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