There are a number of potential advantages to a mix-and-match approach to vaccination against COVID-19, writes Maureen Ferran, Associate Professor of Biology at Rochester Institute of Technology, in The Conversation.
Ferran writes:
While it’s now pretty easy to get a COVID-19 shot in most places in the USA, the vaccine rollout in other parts of the world has been slow or inconsistent due to shortages, uneven access and concerns about safety.
Researchers hope that a mix-and-match approach to the vaccines will help alleviate these issues and create more flexibility in the immunisation regimens available to people. Around the world, different pharmaceutical companies have taken different approaches to developing vaccines. Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna created mRNA vaccines. Oxford-AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson (J&J) went with what are called viral vectors. The Novavax COVID-19 vaccine is protein-based.
So mixing vaccines could mean more than just switching manufacturers – like from Pfizer for dose one to Moderna for dose two. Recipients might be tapping into a different way to stimulate immune response, when opting for a first dose of AstraZeneca and a second dose of Moderna.
The most obvious benefits of treating various brands and kinds of COVID-19 vaccine as interchangeable are logistical – people can get whatever shot is available without worry. By speeding up the global vaccination rollout, mixing and matching vaccines could help end this pandemic.
Biological effects of a mix-and-match approach
Researchers also hope combining different vaccines will trigger a more robust, longer-lasting immune response compared with receiving both doses of a single vaccine. This may better protect people from emerging variants.
Each company used slightly different regions of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in their formulations. Exposure to different portions of the spike protein should mean that the body will make an array of corresponding antibodies that can fend off future infection. The range of antibodies should then provide better protection and increase the likelihood of protection from variants with changes in the spike protein.
And different vaccine technologies activate unique aspects of the immune system. The Pfizer and Moderna vaccines comprise a small snippet of mRNA, genetic material that contains the recipe to make a region of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Wrapped up in a fat coat, the mRNA slips into a vaccinated person’s cells where it directs production of the viral protein. The person’s immune system then recognises the foreign spike protein and produces antibodies against it.
Several other COVID-19 vaccines rely on a viral vector. In these cases, researchers modified an adenovirus that usually causes the common cold to deliver the DNA instructions for producing a portion of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. The modified virus is safe because it can’t replicate in people. Along with J&J and AstraZeneca’s, examples of COVID-19 viral vector vaccines in use globally include Russia’s Sputnik V and the CanSino Biologics vaccine.
The immune system can develop an immune response to the viral vector vaccine itself, which could reduce the vaccine’s effectiveness against the coronavirus. Experts hope that combining vaccine platforms, for example using an mRNA-based vaccine or one that includes a different viral vector for the second dose, could reduce that risk.
Investigating combos’ safety and effectiveness
Around the world, studies are under way in animals and people to investigate the safety, types of immune response generated and how long immunity lasts when one person receives two different COVID-19 vaccines.
Results from a Spanish trial of more than 600 people indicated that vaccination with both the viral-vector AstraZeneca and mRNA-based Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccines triggers a robust immune response against the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
Preliminary results from a German study that has not yet been peer-reviewed found that getting the AstraZeneca vaccine first followed by the Pfizer vaccine resulted in production of more protective antibodies and provided better protection against variants of concern compared with two AstraZeneca doses.
The Com-COV study in the UK is also investigating the safety and effectiveness of giving patients a combination of the AstraZeneca and Pfizer-BioNTech shots. Preliminary findings indicate that people who got one shot of each type were more likely to report mild to moderate side effects than those who received two doses of the same vaccine. Final results of this study, including the effectiveness of this approach, are expected any day now.
The expanded Com-CoV2 study is testing other combinations of COVID-19 vaccines, namely from Moderna’s mRNA platform and Novavax’s protein platform.
Combos could be a good anti-variant strategy
Emerging coronavirus variants are one of the most intriguing reasons to consider mixing vaccines. Administering vaccines that target different variants would provide broad collective immunity and limit emergence of new possibly more dangerous strains.
It’s possible that people who are currently fully vaccinated will need a third shot to address genetic differences in new variants. Changing platforms for this booster shot – for instance, if the first round was viral-vector based, switching to mRNA or one that is protein-based – could help bolster the immune response.
Flu vaccines routinely protect against multiple strains of the influenza virus – but these are usually manufactured by the same company. In the future, this approach could lead to vaccines that contain multiple regions of SARS-CoV-2 to protect against several variants, or regions of both the coronavirus and influenza proteins, protecting against both viruses in a single shot.
Present regulations
For now, though, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) allows the mixing of the mRNA-based Pfizer and Moderna shots only in “exceptional situations”, such as limited vaccine supply or if a patient doesn’t know which vaccine they originally received.
Canada’s public health agency recently approved the mixing of different COVID-19 vaccines if limited supply prevents someone from getting their second dose of the same vaccine, or if someone is apprehensive about a second dose of AstraZeneca due to publicised side effects.
EU countries are so far awaiting further study results before allowing mixing vaccine doses.
This article was republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons licence.
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