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Avocado consumption associated with significantly lower CVD risk – Harvard

A Harvard prospective study that followed more than 110,000 men and women for more than 30 years suggests that eating just two servings of avocado a week substantially reduces the risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD), in the Journal of the American Heart Association.

After adjustment for lifestyle and other dietary factors, those with a higher avocado intake – at least two servings per week – had a 16% lower risk for CVD and a 21% lower risk for coronary heart disease.

Researchers also found that replacing half a serving of butter, cheese, bacon, or other animal product with an equivalent amount of avocado was associated with up to 22% less risk for CVD events.

The findings add to evidence from other studies that
has shown that avocados — which contain multiple
nutrients, including fibre and unsaturated, healthy fats — have a positive impact on cardiovascular risk factors, said first author Lorena Pacheco, PhD, a postdoctoral research fellow at the Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health.

“This research complements and expands on the current literature that we have on unsaturated fats and reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, and also underscores how bad saturated fats, like butter, cheese, and processed meats, are for the heart,” she said.

“For the most part, we have known that avocados are healthy, but I think this study, because of its numbers and duration, adds a little more substance to that knowledge now.”

Avocados are dense with nutrients. They are high in fat, but in monounsaturated fats (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fats (PUFAs), which are viewed as good.

A medium-sized (136 g) avocado contains roughly 13 g of oleic acid. Avocados also contain dietary fibre, potassium, magnesium, phytonutrients, and bioactive compounds.

To see the effect avocados can have on cardiovascular health, Pacheco and her team turned to two large, long-running cohort studies: the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS), which began in the early 1970s with 68,786 women 30 to 55 years old; and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS), which ran from 1986 to 2016 and followed 41,701 men aged 40 to 75.

All were free of cancer, coronary heart disease, and stroke at study entry.
Participants completed a validated food frequency questionnaire at baseline and every four years thereafter. The questionnaire asked about the amount and frequency of avocado consumed. One serving equalled half an avocado, or half a cup.

In the early days of the NHS, very few participants said they ate avocados, but that began to change over the years, as the popularity of avocados grew.

“The NHS cohort was recruited back in the late '70s and the health professionals cohort did not start until the mid 1980s, when avocado consumption was really low,” Pacheco said.

“What is beautiful about these cohorts is we are able to ask participants questions and then save the answers that they give us throughout the years to answer questions that might arise whenever the question is right. So it just depends on when you accrue enough data to ask those questions about potential cardiovascular benefit with avocados,” she said.

There were 9,185 coronary heart disease events and 5,290 strokes documented over 30 years of follow-up.

No significant associations were seen for stroke, but this is because the study did not have sufficient numbers, Pacheco explained.

A statistical model also determined that replacing half a serving daily of margarine, butter, egg, yogurt, cheese, or processed meats, such as bacon, with the same amount of avocado was associated with a 16% to 22% lower risk for CVD events.

“I want to emphasise that the study is an epidemiological observational study and cannot prove cause and effect,” Pacheco said.

“It’s not a clinical trial, it’s based on observational epidemiology, but we saw patterns in the model: avocado consumption and substituting avocado for other unhealthy fats reduced the risk of having a cardiovascular event or coronary heart disease.”

The findings are significant “because a healthy dietary pattern is the cornerstone for cardiovascular health; however, it can be difficult for many Americans to achieve and adhere to healthy eating patterns”, said Cheryl Anderson, professor and dean of the Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science at the University of California, San Diego, who is chair of the American Heart Association’s Council on Epidemiology and Prevention.

“We desperately need strategies to improve intake of AHA-recommended healthy diets, such as the Mediterranean diet, that are rich in vegetables and fruits. Although no one food is the solution to routinely eating a healthy diet, this study is evidence that avocados have possible health benefits. This is promising because it is a food item that is popular, accessible, desirable, and easy to include in meals at home and in restaurants,” said Anderson, who was not part of the study.

Study details

Avocado Consumption and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in US Adults

Lorena S. Pacheco, Yanping Li, Eric B. Rimm, JoAnn E. Manson, Qi Sun, Kathryn Rexrode, Frank B. Hu, Marta Guasch‐Ferré

Published in Journal of the American Heart Association on 30 March 2022

Abstract

Background
Epidemiologic studies on the relationship between avocado intake and long‐term cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk are lacking.

Methods and Results
This study included 68 786 women from the NHS (Nurses’ Health Study) and 41 701 men from the HPFS (Health Professionals Follow‐up Study; 1986–2016) who were free of cancer, coronary heart disease, and stroke at baseline. Diet was assessed using validated food frequency questionnaires at baseline and then every 4 years. Cox proportional hazards regressions were used to estimate hazard ratios and 95% CIs. A total of 14 274 incident cases of CVD (9185 coronary heart disease events and 5290 strokes) were documented over 30 years of follow‐up. After adjusting for lifestyle and other dietary factors, compared with nonconsumers, those with analysis‐specific higher avocado intake (≥2 servings/week) had a 16% lower risk of CVD (pooled hazard ratio, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.75–0.95) and a 21% lower risk of coronary heart disease (pooled hazard ratio, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.68–0.91). No significant associations were observed for stroke. Per each half serving/day increase in avocado intake, the pooled hazard ratio for CVD was 0.80 (95% CI, 0.71–0.91). Replacing half a serving/day of margarine, butter, egg, yogurt, cheese, or processed meats with the equivalent amount of avocado was associated with a 16% to 22% lower risk of CVD.

Conclusions
Higher avocado intake was associated with lower risk of CVD and coronary heart disease in 2 large prospective cohorts of US men and women. The replacement of certain fat‐containing foods with avocado could lead to lower risk of CVD.

 

Medscape article – Eating Avocado Linked to Lower Cardiovascular Risk (Open access)

 

Journal of the American Heart Association (JAHA) article – Avocado Consumption and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in US Adults (Open access)

 

See more from MedicalBrief archives:

 

An avocado a day helps lower 'bad' cholesterol

 

Effects of avocados on metabolic syndrome

 

Heart health benefits of avocado

 

 

 

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